psych final 2019
Which of the following statements about Carl Rogers's theory of personality is FALSE?
Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.
personality theories:
attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.
The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality structure that doesn't develop until about age five or six, and represents a person's conscience?
b;preconscious
Lou Ann has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder called "agoraphobia." Lou Ann is afraid of:
having a panick attack in a public place
Spencer has always considered himself to be an honest person. So when he walked into the empty classroom and found a wallet that contained a hundred dollars in cash, he took it to the campus security office. According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, Spencer's behavior when he found the wallet was motivated by:
his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his evolving self-concept.
Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers contended that the most basic human motive is:
the actualizing tendency
Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of awareness in Freud's theory?
the collective unconscious
In Freud's theory, which component of personality is present at birth and is completely unconscious?
the ego
Julian loves the thrill of engaging in antisocial behavior. He does things that excite him, and he does not even think of the impact of his actions on his own safety or the safety of others. For instance, just last Tuesday, he parachuted out of an airplane in the morning, and then successfully committed an armed robbery of a liquor store in the afternoon. Using Freud's terminology, which component of Julian's personality was dominating his behavior when he engaged in these activities?
the id
Which definition reflects Freud's view of the ego?
the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification
Which definition reflects Freud's view of the id?
the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) investigated
the prevalence of mental disorders in different nations and cultures.
the emphasis on unconscious mental process is to the __ as the emphasis on learning and conscious processes is to the __.
trait perspective; humanistic perspective
Very late in his life, Freud left Vienna and moved to England because:
his life was threatened by the Nazis.
According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, a person is highly motivated to act in a way that is consistent with _____, which is congruent with his or her emotions and experiences.
his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation
Carter believes that people are basically good and that each person will naturally strive to fulfill his or her unique potential. Carter's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.
humanistic
Which of the following has been referred to as the "third force" in psychology?
humanistic psychology
Irrational and chaotic is to the _____ as rational and reality-oriented is to the _____.
id; ego
Darlene is constantly nervous, tense, and apprehensive. She worries about her health, her job, her children, and her relatives. Her husband has tried to reassure her that everything is going well, but she can't seem to shake her pervasive anxiety. Darlene is probably experiencing:
normal anxiety.
For the third time in two months, Erica's husband rushed her to the hospital emergency department because Erica thought she was having a heart attack. Her symptoms included a racing, pounding heart, weakness, feeling faint, and feeling as if she were unable to breathe. Although her doctor says she is physically healthy, Erica lives in fear of another attack. Erica is most likely suffering from which psychological disorder?
panic disorder
The main symptom of a disorder called "_____" is frequent, unpredictable, and unexpected panic attacks.
panic disorder
Christina believes that learning experiences play a critical role in the development of personality, especially in the development of a person's goals and beliefs about one's abilities. Christina's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.
social cognitive
The _____ perspective on personality emphasizes conscious thought processes, self-regulation, and the importance of situational influences.
social cognitive
The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual was published in:
1952
According to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), approximately 1 out of _____ American adults has experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder at some point thus far in his or her life.
2
DSM-5 is a book that describes more than _____ specific psychological disorders.
260
According to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), approximately 1 out of _____ American adults has experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder during the previous year
4 (26 percent)
According to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), approximately _____ percent of people with the symptoms of a mental disorder received no treatment during the past year.
59
The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality dimension that Freud called the ego?
A
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of panic disorder?
A panic attack occurs at regular intervals, such as once a week or once a month.
Which of the following statements about anxiety is TRUE?
Anxiety can be adaptive, helpful, and beneficial when it alerts people to a realistic threat.
Two psychologists who made important contributions to the humanistic perspective on personality were:
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
The most common symptoms of _____ are a pounding heart, rapid breathing, breathlessness, and a choking sensation. Accompanying the intense, escalating surge of physical arousal are feelings of terror and the belief that one is about to die, go crazy, or completely lose control.
a panic attack
Which of the following examples reflects a symptom of an anxiety disorder rather than normal anxiety?
For the past several weeks, Mavis has been unable to concentrate at work because she keeps thinking that something terrible might happen to her son at school, even though she knows that he's safe.
During his presentation, Timothy introduced his discussion topic as "war and peach" when he meant to say "war and peace." Freud might suggest that Timothy has an unconscious wish to devour a fresh, tasty peach. This is an example of a:
Freudian slip.
In psychology the term personality refer to
an individuals unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
The term Freudian slip refers to:
an unintentional mistake, accident, or misstatement that Freud interpreted as revealing unconscious wishes or motives.
An unpleasant emotional state that involves feelings of worry, dread, apprehension, and tension, along with heightened physical arousal, is called:
anxiety
One finding of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) was that the lifetime prevalence of:
any disorder was 46 percent.
The term that Carl Rogers use to describe a psychologically healthy person who does not deny or distort thoughts or emotions and has a flexible self-concept is:
a fully functioning person.
Carl Rogers's theory of personality and humanistic psychology has been criticized for:
being naively optimistic about human nature.
Because the anxiety can be attached to virtually any object or to none at all, generalized anxiety is sometimes referred to as:
free-floating anxiety
Global, persistent, chronic, and excessive apprehension is the main feature of:
generalized anxiety disorder
People with _____ are constantly tense and anxious, and their anxiety is pervasive. They feel anxious about a wide range of life circumstances, sometimes with little or no apparent justification.
generalized anxiety disorder
Which of the following is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by constant, excessive, and unjustified anxiety about a wide range of issues and circumstances?
generalized anxiety disorder
Sudden, intense, and short-lived anxiety is to _____ as ongoing, persistent, and global anxiety is to _____.
generalized anxiety disorder; a panic attack
Even though Paula's friends have told her that her concerns are exaggerated, Paula continues worry about physical symptoms she is experiencing. Her worry is excessive and out of proportion to the seriousness of the symptoms. Which of the following psychological disorders is Paula MOST likely to have?
somatic symptom disorder
Freud's famous technique of free association involved patients:
spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.
The acronym DSM-5 stands for
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition
Humanistic psychology is a view of personality that emphasizes:
unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.
The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality dimension that Freud called the id?
C
Which of the following statements about DSM-5 is FALSE?
DSM-5 is of little practical value to clinical psychologists and other mental health workers, because it merely describes the symptoms of mental illnesses and does not explain what causes them
According to the "Critical Thinking" box, which of the following statements about people with depression is TRUE?
In much of the popular media, people with psychological disorders are portrayed in positive, but stereotyped ways, such as being creative geniuses or artistic prodigies.
Research has investigated whether people with mental disorders are significantly more violent and dangerous than other groups of people. What was the basic finding of that research?
People who have a severe mental disorder in which they are delusional or hallucinating are actually more likely to display violent behavior than people who do not have a mental disorder.
_____ is the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders.
Psychopathology
Who wrote Studies on Hysteria, Civilization and Its Discontents, and The Interpretation of Dreams?
Sigmund Freud
What is a major issue with using social media to diagnose disorders?
Social media is not widely used enough to be useful for this type of research
The publication of the book entitled _____ in 1895 is regarded as the formal beginning of psychoanalysis.
Studies on Hysteria
Regarding the difference between normal and abnormal behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE?
The difference between normal and abnormal is often a matter of degree.
Which of the following statements is true? "Abnormal" behavior is almost always easy to distinguish from "normal" behavior. When someone's behavior strikes you as strange or unusual, you can correctly label the behavior as "psychopathological." The dividing line between normal and abnormal behavior is often determined by the social or cultural context in which a particular behavior occurs. According to DSM-5, a person who refused to eat foods such as fish, meat, onions, garlic, or other "hot" foods for six months or longer would be classified as suffering from a mental disorder.
The dividing line between normal and abnormal behavior is often determined by the social or cultural context in which a particular behavior occurs.
During the past year, Rebecca's 10-year-old son, Tyler, has developed several unusual symptoms. For no apparent reason, Tyler's head will suddenly jerk, his eyes will repeatedly blink, or he will repetitively shrug his shoulders. In the past two months, Tyler's symptoms have become more frequent and more intense. Additionally, Tyler's fourth-grade teacher has complained that Tyler sometimes makes clicking and grunting sounds in class, which he doesn't seem to be able to control. Which of the following psychological disorders does Tyler most likely have?
Tourette's
Normal anxiety is to _____ as pathological anxiety is to _____.
adaptive and normal; irrational and uncontrollable
On three separate occasions when she was out in public over the past three months, Vanessa has had to rush home after being overwhelmed by dizzy spells during which her heart pounded and she felt as if she couldn't breathe. On the last occasion she went to the emergency department, but a thorough examination ruled out any medical problem. Nevertheless, Vanessa has become increasingly fearful about having more episodes, and she has restricted her activities to only the most essential outings. Vanessa seems to be displaying symptoms of which of the following psychological disorders?
agoraphobia
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) found that:
almost one out of two adults (46 percent) had experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder at some point thus far in his or her life.
DSM-5 provides mental health professionals with:
both a common language for labeling mental disorders and comprehensive guidelines for diagnosing them.
Early in his medical career, Freud investigated the therapeutic uses of:
cocaine
_____ had a strong influence on Freud's early career, until he realized how addictive it was.
cocaine
According to Carl Rogers, when a child senses that he is loved and valued only when he behaves in a way that is acceptable to his parents, the parents are displaying _____ toward the child.
conditional positive regard
Eight-year-old Nancy loves to play soccer. When her teams wins, her parents take her out for celebratory ice cream, but when Nancy's team loses, her parents send her to bed without supper. The behavior of Nancy's parents is a good example of:
conditional positive regard.
Five-year-old Sam begins to cry when he discovers that his pet turtle has died. His father scolds Sam for crying and says, "Big boys don't cry." According to Carl Rogers, because Sam's father is using _____, Sam is likely to _____ his feelings of sadness in the future.
conditional positive regard; deny
In Carl Rogers's personality theory, the term _____ refers to a condition in which a person's sense of self is consistent with his or her emotions and experiences.
congruence
Humanistic theories of personality have helped promote the scientific study of:
creativity and the positive nature of personality.
Janet is convinced that she has one or more serious illnesses. She has a preoccupation with diseases and misinterprets her normal bodily symptoms or functions as serious health problems. Her doctors say she is perfectly healthy and that her various symptoms are probably due to her imagination. Which of the following psychological disorders does Janet most likely have?
illness anxiety disorder
According to the textbook, DSM-5 has NOT been criticized for
including eating disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and social anxiety disorder as mental disorders.
In contrast to normal anxiety, pathological anxiety
is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive
Although he has only been caught one time, Devin has repeatedly shoplifted small items that he could easily pay for or doesn't need. Which of the following psychological disorders is Devin most likely to have?
kleptomania
Even though Mary was not thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Mary's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.
preconscious
Before reading this question, you were not thinking about the name of the first president of the United States. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, the name was stored at the _____ level of awareness. However, once the name is brought to mind, it is at the _____ level of awareness.
preconscious; conscious
Hundreds of mental health professionals, mostly _____, participated in the development of DSM-5.
psychiatrists and clinical psychologists
the emphasis on unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livingston's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality
psychoanalytic
Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke's parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers's terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of _____ from her parents.
unconditional positive regard
