Psych Final Exam

On the first day of class, a professor read aloud the names of the 15 students who were enrolled in the course. Then, immediately after reading the list, the professor asked the students to write down as many of the names as possible. No one in the class was able to remember all 15 names. As an explanation of why the students could not recall all 15 names, the professor explained that short term memory is limited in capacity and can only hold _______ items of information for a short amount of time.

7 plus or minus 2

The human sleep cycle typically repeats itself every

90-100 minutes

A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing

A delusion.

Kara wrote a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occurred at the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. She interviewed ten of her classmates and asked them to remember that day. She was surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offered very detailed, vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks. Kara discovered that most her classmates have __________ of September 11, 2001

A flashbulb memory

ROY G. BIV is an example of

A mnemonic.

In the context of personality characteristics, ________ is associated with taking the right steps toward a long, healthy life.

A sense of personal control

When a rat is first introduced to an overcrowded cage, it will most likely enter the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome

Alarm

Jessie, a young American girl, is obsessed with losing weight. She is paranoid about eating calories and often starves herself. Despite being dangerously underweight for her height and age, Jessie refuses to eat as she is terrified of the possibility of gaining weight. Which disorder best fits the description of Jessie's condition?

Anorexia Nervosa

____ is said to have the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

Anorexia nervosa

A superficially charming person who exploits others, but feels no sense of remorse or guilt for their behaviors is most likely be diagnosed with

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Robert's teacher, Martha, has complained about his behavior on several occasions. According to Martha, Robert cannot focus in class and is constantly distracted. She also mentioned that Robert is extremely active and very impulsive by nature. If Robert were to be taken by his teacher to Dr. Miller, a psychiatrist, he is likely to be diagnosed with

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Scott wants to sleep over at a friend's house. His parents told him no. When Scott asked why, they became upset and his father said, "Because I said so. That's why." That was the end of the conversation. Scott's parents appear to fit _______ parenting style

Authoritarian

Ruby does not notice when her mother leaves the day care center and ignores her mother when she returns. According to Mary Ainsworth attachment styles, Ruby's behavior is characteristic of _____ attachment.

Avoidant

Which of the following components are essential to the definition of consciousness?

Awareness and arousal

Dr. King is a psychiatrist who uses medications to treat the symptoms of psychological disorders. Dr. King is using which treatment approach?

Biological

Your roommate is acting very strange. Although she has not slept much in the past few days, she says she feels on top of the world. She also took all her financial savings and invested it in a questionable financial venture. This period of non-stop activity has lasted for well over a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue she experienced a few weeks ago. Your roommate is exhibiting symptoms of

Bipolar Disorder

According to the textbook, what is the most widely used drug in the United States?

Caffeine

The brain and spinal cord make up the

Central Nervous System

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reasoning. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Allison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

Central route to persuasion.

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of

Chunking

_ therapy emphasizes that thoughts are the source of psychological problems. A therapist that uses this type of therapy would attempt to change feelings and behaviors by changing the thoughts.

Cognitive

Inmates at a correctional facility take part in an experiment on social development. Once the experiment is over, the correctional officer goes home and tells his roommates about the results of the study and about the inmates who did not perform well. In this scenario, which ethical guideline of psychological research has been violated by the correctional officer?

Confidentiality

Axel was introduced to his new colleague in the hallway at work. A few days later, Axel saw this new colleague at the grocery store; however, he drew a blank on her name. The next day in the hallway at work, Axel saw this same colleague and suddenly was able to recall her name. This situation best illustrates

Context- dependent memory

Regan thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because that is the societal law. Therefore, Regan never speeds because she does not want to break the law. She is demonstrating Kohlberg's _______ stage of morality.

Conventional

The ________ is the large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres and is responsible for relaying information between the two sides.

Corpus callosum

Which of the following attitudes are central to the scientific approach to psychology?

Critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity

The fact that homosexuality was once in the DSM as a psychological disorder but is now no longer included, illustrates the importance of ________ when distinguishing between normal and abnormal behavior.

Culture

Walter Mischel conducted the Marshmallow Experiment to test children's ability to

Delay gratification.

Psychoactive drugs that inhibit or slow down neural functioning are called

Depressants

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression

Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen.

Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they are grilling, they will throw him human food. His owner however, does not want Bubba to eat human food as it is not good for his health. When Bubba's owner is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors for food. When Bubba's owner is not in the yard, Bubba barks at the neighbors for food. According to operant conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can

Discriminate.

Audrey is appointed as a research director at a well-known pharmaceutical company. She is asked to design a set of research studies that will test the effectiveness of the drugs that are being manufactured by the company. To ensure that experimenter bias and research participant bias do not influence the results, Audrey should design a set of

Double- blind experiments.

Ivan is very depressed and tells his therapist that he is going to commit suicide. Which of the following treatments would Ivan's therapist use to provide rapid relief for his suicidal thoughts?

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Your ability to recall your first family vacation to Disneyland is an example of ______ memory; whereas your ability to recall the names of famous football players is an example of _____memory.

Explicit (declarative); implicit (nondeclarative)

Dylan used to get an allowance for cleaning his room each week. However, one day Dylan's parents stopped giving him an allowance for this behavior. Eventually, the behavior of cleaning his room started to decrease. According to operant conditioning principles, this is an example of

Extinction

In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) related disorders, an individual with hoarding disorder is most likely to

Find it difficult to throw things away, troubled by the feeling that he or she might need them at a later time.

Tyler's employer pays him every other Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

Fixed interval

The social and psychological aspects of being male or female is known as

Gender

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Ashlyn is now fearful of any women wearing a white dress. Ashlyn's reaction best illustrates

Generalization

Sally spent a lot of time studying for her psychology exam. She received an A on her exam, which reinforced her studying behavior. Sally decided that she is going to spend a lot of time studying for her math exam that is next week because she believes that studying will lead to receiving a good grade. According to operant conditioning principles, Sally is demonstrating that she can _______ her behaviors and desired consequences.

Generalize

Karissa is doing a presentation on prenatal development and wants to include the three main periods of prenatal development in order from conception to birth. Karissa's presentation should use which order?

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal

Sam, a researcher, and his team conduct a study to examine the effect of WakeMe, an energy drink, on intelligence levels of people in a small town. The people from this town are randomly divided into two equal, representative groups. Members of one group, Group MW, are made to drink WakeMe and then take an intelligence test. Members of the other group, Group NoMW, are made to drink plain water packaged in WakeMe bottles and then take an intelligence test. In this scenario, ______ is the control group and the ______ is the experimental group.

Group NoMW; Group MW

Noah exhibits the Type B behavior pattern associated with a low incidence of heart diseases. According to Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman, which of the following best describes Noah?

He is typically relaxed and easygoing.

Steven was in a serious automobile accident that caused a severe injury to his hippocampus. What type of problem is Steven likely to experience as a result of this brain injury?

He will probably be unable to retrain any new memories.

The _______ approach emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one's destiny.

Humanistic

Miranda is seeing a therapist for her fear of public speaking. Her therapist offers her genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. What type of therapy is Miranda most likely receiving?

Humanistic therapy

Carolyn's parents were extremely religious and conservative growing up. They have always told Carolyn that premarital sex was not allowed. In college, Carolyn fell in love and despite her upbringing and parent's rules, she engaged in premarital sex. According to Freud, which personality structure was most likely responsible for Carolyn's sexual activity in college?

Id

Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder?

In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder.

Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. But when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's psychosocial development stages is exemplified in this scenario?

Industry vs. inferiority

Classical conditioning best explains ________ behaviors, whereas operant conditioning best explains ________ behaviors

Involuntary; voluntary

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Jeff gets out of bed in the morning in order to remove the obnoxious alarm clock sound.

Which of the following individuals illustrates high on the trait of extraversion

Jessica, who is outgoing and enjoys meeting new people

Which individual is likely to feel the greatest dissonance

Jonathon, a physician who owns stock in a fast food restaurant

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _______, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of the person you just met a few seconds ago, you are relying on _________.

Long term memory; short term memory

Serina wants to know if shy children will become shy adults. She decides to ask a group of preschool teachers to select all the children they would consider to be shy. With parental consent, she then follows and periodically assesses each child until they reach adulthood. This is an example of a(n) _________ research design.

Longitudinal

All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, except

Major Depressive Disorder.

Kübler- Ross's proposed stages of coping with death that include all the following except

Making amends with others.

Which of the following statements about specific phobia is true?

Many explanations of specific phobias view these disorders as based on experiences and learned associations.

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and

Mental processes

The trait perspective to personality has been criticized for

Missing the importance of situational factors in explaining personality

Emma, a psychologist, wants to study the relationship that exists among college girls who stay in hostels. She disguises herself as a college student and shares a dorm with some girls for a month. During her stay, she observes their various behaviors and makes notes when the girls are fast asleep. Which of the following is best exemplified in this scenario?

Naturalistic observation

A child learns to stop fighting with his brother after the fight leads to suspension of video game privileges. The suspension of video game privileges is an example of

Negative punishment.

______ are chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the neuron's terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron.

Neurotransmitters

Jacob is in a non-REM sleep stage when he suddenly feels as if two men are attacking him. His heart rate and breathing starts to increase. He also begins to scream for help at the top of his lungs. Jacob is displaying signs of which sleep disorder?

Night Terrors

Joyce has the potential to be an honor student but frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than working to succeed, she tends to "dummy down" to act more like the students that she hangs out with. At times, she has even purposely answered questions incorrectly to be more like her friends. In regards to conformity, Joyce's behavior is likely due to

Normative social influence.

Jason is introverted, but this personality trait does not appear to cause him any distress or interfere with his ability to function on a daily basis. Based on this information, a psychologist would probably

Not classify Jason as abnormal.

Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Not every individual exposed to the same event develops PTSD.

Miranda is learning to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches. Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes Miranda's learning process?

Observational learning

In reference to Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder, the ________ is referred to as recurrent thoughts

Obsessions

As a result of a brain injury after an accident, James lost his vision. Which of the following regions of James's cerebral cortex is most likely to be damaged?

Occipital lobe

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five factors?

Optimism

Dr. Roberts, a psychiatrist, is in the process of diagnosing Kelly's psychological disorder. He asks Kelly a series of questions regarding her symptoms. Kelly reveals that she often experiences overwhelming fear all of a sudden which is accompanied by pains in the chest and a feeling of helplessness. During these instances, she finds it difficult to breathe, has severe palpitations, and feels like she's going to die of a heart attack. In the context of psychological disorders, Dr. Roberts is most likely to diagnose Kelly with

Panic Disorder.

Conor is having a conversation with Ashley. According to Baddeley's model, the sounds heard in this conversation are processed first in the

Phonological loop.

If you were a participant in Stanley Milgram's shock experiment, you would have

Played the role of the teacher and delivered electric shocks to the learner.

Damien has been unable to sleep for the past few weeks. He wakes up in the middle of the night and cannot go back to sleep. On certain occasions, he cannot fall asleep at all and at other times, he is unable to wake from sleep. In the context of brain structures, Damien's problem with sleep and arousal is most likely caused by poor functioning of the

Pons.

Kayleigh is explaining the importance of wearing sunscreen at the beach to her daughter. She states the more hours you spend in direct sunlight, the more severe your sunburn can be. This would indicate that time spent in direct sunlight and sunburns are

Positively Correlated

Soldiers who have returned home after serving often struggle with emotional numbness, flashbacks, nightmares, and distressing memories. These characteristics are indicative of which psychological disorder?

Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder

An alcoholic who believes that he is just being a typical college student and does not think his drinking is a problem is most likely to be classified as being in the ________ stage of change.

Precontemplation

Which of the following lists the steps in the stages of change model in the correct order?

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new e-mail password. This illustrates

Proactive interference

Melissa just landed her dream job. The only problem is that her workplace is far from her home. She spends about three hours commuting every day. Traffic is normally quite heavy, and Melissa is experiencing a great deal of stress. If Melissa moved closer to her place of employment in order to decrease her commute time, it would be an example of

Problem-focused coping.

Charlotte is a psychologist who believes in the following statement, "Abnormal behavior is the result of unresolved unconscious conflicts." Since she believes in this statement, it can be inferred that Charlotte practices _______ therapy.

Psychodynamic

Michael believes that personality is primarily unconscious. Therefore, Michael would most likely agree with the ______ perspective of personality.

Psychodynamic

Emma is constantly putting herself down and believes that she is stupid. Her negative thinking often depresses her mood. Which theoretical approach would help explain the cause of Emma's depression?

Psychological

When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. It is likely that your child is in _______ sleep.

REM

Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect's physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a ______ task, whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible choices is an example of a ______ task.

Recall; recognition

Kate is on the phone talking to her friend Paul, who is referring her for a job interview. Paul gives Kate a phone number, but before Kate can write it down, the call is disconnected. Kate can only recall the last three digits of the number that Paul gave her. This scenario best illustrates the ________ effect.

Recency

In the context of behavioral change, an individual's return to former unhealthy patterns is called

Relapse

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, in which stage do glands throughout the body manufacture different hormones that protect the individual?

Resistance stage

Professor Smith is examining the effects of color on patient's anxiety levels. She randomly assigns patients to either a room painted white or a room painted black and then records their blood pressure as a measure of anxiety levels. In this case, the independent variable is the

Room color.

When Baby Rob was touched on the cheek, he turned his head and started to suck when he came in contact with a nipple. Baby Rob demonstrated the ______ reflex

Rooting

One hundred students were randomly selected from a large college campus that has over 5,000 students to take a survey rating the food in the cafeteria. These 100 students selected to take the survey are referred to as the

Sample

Sarah drinks excessive amounts of alcohol each evening. This behavior is negatively affecting her daily functioning. A psychologist may consider Sarah's behavior abnormal based on which criterion?

Sara's behavior is maladaptive.

Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, placed _______ at the top of his hierarchy of needs pyramid which he used to explain motivation

Self-actualization

The Big Five Inventory is a type of

Self-report test.

Randy just failed his history exam because he neglected to study. Afterwards, he attributed his test failure to the fact that his girlfriend kept him up too late the night before because she refused to turn down the television. The next week however, when Randy aced his biology test, he attributed his success on this exam to his own intelligence. Randy appears to be engaging in which attributional bias

Self-serving bias

When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly in Piaget's

Sensorimotor stage.

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

The Atkinson-Shiffrin three stage information processing model introduced distinctions among

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

You watch as Emma stumbles and drops her books in the hallway. If you commit the fundamental attribution error when assessing Emma, how would you explain her behavior?

She is a clumsy person.

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new classmates for about 30 seconds after they introduced themselves to her. During this time, their names were stored in her _______ memory.

Short- term

Kirby just got divorced. This is an example of a _______ stressor.

Significant life change

The _____ perspective to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals

Social cognitive

You are studying in a quiet, but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You notice others start doing the same thing. This is an example of

Social contagion.

Even though Peter has done cocaine before, he responds "no" on a self-report test when asked about his drug use behaviors. His response was most likely influenced by

Social desirability.

Drew is working on a class project for his psychology class. He needs a high grade on this project because the class is required for his major. The other individuals in his group are aware of that and also know that Drew is an excellent student. Drew finds that the other group members are depending on him to do the vast majority of the work. The other students in Drew's group are demonstrating

Social loafing.

The Diagnostic and _____ Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the major classification system of all psychological disorders in the United States.

Statistical

The strange situation test is used to assess an infant's

Styles of attachment

Rebecca really likes to talk about sex, but since this is not always a socially acceptable topic to talk about, she became a sex therapist. Now, she has a reputable job where she can talk about sex all the time. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

Sublimation

Amanda wants a new doll, but she has no money. The thought of stealing the doll crosses Amanda's mind, but she decides not to because stealing is wrong. According to Freud, which personality structure was most likely responsible for Amanda's decision

Superego

If you have a fear of riding in elevators, your therapist may teach you how to relax and then gradually expose you to the elements of riding in elevators that you fear. This technique is called

Systematic desensitization.

Mr. Richards was asked by his therapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each photo. Mr. Richards was most likely

Taking the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

The murder of Kitty Genovese inspired major research into

The bystander effect.

Which of the following is a main goal of couple's therapy

To improve communication between partners

Blake smokes marijuana. When he first started smoking, he used to get high off one joint. Now, he finds that he has to smoke more than one joint to get the same high. This is an example of

Tolerance.

Each time Harry feels anxious, he compulsively pulls hair from his scalp or eyebrows. This compulsive urge to pull his hair has made him partially bald. Harry is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

Trichotillomania

Which of the following is an example of a behavior?

Two people holding hands in a park.

Derek is a third-grade teacher who believes that he should accept his students regardless of their behavioral shortcomings. Derek's attitude toward his students is an example of Carl Rogers concept of

Unconditional positive regard.

is most often regarded as the "founding father of modern psychology."

Wilhelm Wundt

Major depression is more common among ______ and bipolar disorder is ____

Women than men; equally common in women and men

Rob has been experiencing a lot of stress lately. Due to this stress, he has been experiencing difficulty in falling and staying asleep. Which sleep disorder has Rob most likely developed?

insomnia

Although many individuals use both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies, over the long term,

problem-focused coping rather than emotion-focused coping usually works best.

Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters

serotonin and norepinephrine