Psych Final Exam

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

a theory of mind.

Carla is 3 years old and has a hard time sharing her toys. Part of the problem is that if she wants to play with a toy, she thinks that everyone else also wants her to play with the toy. Carla is demonstrating

egocentrism.

Action potentials, or nerve impulses, are

electrical signals

The gap between adolescence and independence is referred to as

emerging adulthood.

Dr. Packwood is examining Twitter messages among men and women as part of her research project. This is an example of how modern technology has improved research using

naturalistic observation

A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is called

naturalistic observation.

Dr. Bertrand focuses on ways to improve worker morale and productivity. Dr. Bertrand is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

industrial-organizational

A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between

intelligence and income

Those who are ________ have both male and female biological sexual characteristics at birth.

intersex

A tendency for the brain's left and right hemispheres to serve different functions is called

lateralization.

A myelin sheath is a

layer of fatty tissue encasing the axons of some nerve cells.

Humans placed under unnatural constant illumination have more difficulty sleeping thanks to decreased production of the hormone known a

melatonin.

By age 50, women tend to become ________ self-confident and men tend to become ________ empathic.

more, more

Muscle commands are carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by

motor neurons.

Clinical psychologists specialize in

providing therapy to troubled people

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following troublesome behavior. In this case, the time-out is a

punishment

Claire is an elementary school teacher and makes sure that she gives her students rewards for good behavior. She is making good use of

reinforcements

According to evolutionary psychology, men's tendency to pair widely and women's tendency to pair wisely are best explained by the fact that these different strategies have contributed to men's and women's

reproductive success.

During which stage of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?

resolution stage

Jan acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jan is experiencing

role confusion.

According to Vygotsky, ________ is a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.

scaffold

The concepts of masculinity and femininity that we use to organize our world are called gender

schemas

Jorge is in the middle of puberty and has recently developed facial hair, which is a(n)

secondary sex characteristic.

Although 3-year-old Eric happily explores the attractive toys located in the doctor's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Eric most clearly displays signs of

secure attachment.

While engrossed in studying for his psychology course, Juan isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his sisters' conversation. This best illustrates

selective attention.

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a

sense of object permanence.

When Jake is with his girlfriend, he feels so in love, happy, and content. Because he and his girlfriend text and talk on the phone frequently throughout the day, Jake has set up a special ring tone for his girlfriend. Now, when he hears the ring tone, he feels happy and content. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

the ringtone

The pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls our circadian rhythm is

the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between

thought ,processes and brain functions

Chris' birth-designated sex is male. However, he does not identify as a male. He would be considered

transgender

People identify as ________ if their gender identity differs from what is typical for their birth-designated sex.

transgender

An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is one which an organism has a natural, untrained response to.

true

The best definition for cognition would be all the mental activities associated with thinking (e.g., remembering, knowing, communicating).

true

The sea slug, Aplysia, withdraws its gills if it is squirted with water. If the squirts continue, as they do in nature, the withdrawal response will diminish. But if the sea slug receives an electric shock after being squirted, the withdrawal of the gills grows stronger. In applying classical conditioning to the example of the sea slug, the withdrawal of the gills to the water is the

unconditioned response.

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors

vary together

When Igene saw that her classmates got the teacher's attention after answering questions correctly in class, Igene started answering questions in class. This best illustrates the impact of

vicarious reinforcement.

How many human chromosomes are common to both males and females?

45

Which pioneering "social learning" researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

Albert Bandura

Jean Piaget suggested which of the following in regards to childhood development?

All of these were proposed by Piaget

Which of the following does NOT provide an example of how Pavlov's principles can influence human health and well-being?

Children can learn health-related behaviors by observing their parents.

_____________ thinking expands the number of possible solutions while ________________ thinking is used to arrive at the best possible solution (or answer).

Divergent convergent

Which of the following is NOT part of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence:

Educational intelligence

The parietal lobe handles our:

Sense of touch and spatial relations

A list of questions a person might answer is a descriptive technique for obtaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population. This approach is known as a

Survey

Every single Prius I see is either driving super slowly, not following the rules of the road, or just being a nuisance. I might be experiencing:

The confirmation bias

Which of the following is NOT true of today's adolescents?

They are experiencing a decline in intelligence.

An inactive substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a placebo.

True

An inverse relationship in which one factor increases as another factor decreases represents

a negative correlation

Men are generally more likely than women to

act out aggressively.

Compared with couples who had sex very early in their relationship, couples who reported being in a deeply committed relationship before having sex reported

all of the above

The frontal lobe is responsible for:

all of these

A neuron either fires or it doesn't, it cannot fire weakly or strongly. This is known as the:

all or none principle

People are especially likely to show flexibility in their career choices if they are

androgynous

Brain damage to specific left hemisphere structures can result in:

aphasia

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that cats will meow and that pigs will oink. This best illustrates

associative learning

According to Erik Erikson, a sense of _________ is formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

basic trust

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on associative learning

biological constraints

Dr. Ey conducts research on the relationship between brain functions and reasoning power. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ey's research best represent?

biological psychology

In the assigned video, the little boy is being tested for his level of:

centration

Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your

cerebral cortex.

Neurons function by sending and receiving ____________ messages.

chemical

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates __________________ conditioning.

classical

Dr. McDowell conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. McDowell is most likely a _________ psychologist.

cognitive

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________.

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Sequential processing refers to

consciously focusing on one aspect of a problem at a time.

Assessing how well one variable predicts another variable is to ________ as detecting cause-effect relationships between different variables is to ________.

correlation research, experimental research

Lacking exposure to spoken, written, or signed language before adolescence, a person will never master any language. This indicates that infancy and childhood is a(n) ________ for language development.

critical period

Detecting the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates ________, which is an important learning tool.

critical thinking

An hour after going to bed, Joseph was so soundly asleep his parents were unable to awaken him for a scheduled dose of medicine. At this point in Jos

delta waves.

The part of the neuron that receives chemical messages is the:

dendrites

Chromosomes are composed of

deoxyribonucleic acid.

Although having autism spectrum disorder and being hardly able to speak coherently, 16-year-old Bradley can render incredible works of art. Bradley illustrates a condition known as Down syndrome.

false

The two parts of the peripheral nervous system are the somatic and visceral nervous systems.

false

In studies that followed hundreds of New Zealand and U.S. girls from age 5 to 18, ________ was linked to lower levels of sexual activity before age 16.

fathers presence

Kris was born with a set of XX sex chromosomes. Kris is obviously:

female

The idea that maternal genetics may explain the transmission of genes that promote a same-sex orientation is highlighted by the

fertile females theory.

William is walking across the street when a speeding car very narrowly misses hitting him. His heart races, his body sweats, and his blood pressure soars. He is having a(n):

fight or flight response

Genetic females born with Turner syndrome may struggle with their

gender identity

Because he believes that crying is characteristic only of girls, 14-year-old Jeff has difficulty admitting that a TV show makes him tearful. His experience best illustrates the impact of

gender schemas.

A single ________ on the ________ chromosome plays a crucial role in the prenatal development of the testes.

gene; Y

A year after surviving a shooting at her local grocery story, LeNan still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

generalization

Dr. Tate is an excellent professor. She is curious, humble, and skeptical. These are all characteristics of

having a scientific attitude

Developing testable predictions before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as

hindsight bias

An experiment enables researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by manipulating the factors of interest and also by

holding other factors constant across experimental and control group

The effects of ________ last longer than neural messages.

hormones

If genes predispose males to be more physically aggressive than females, this gender difference can be amplified by cultural norms that reward "macho men and gentle women." This best illustrates that gender differences reflect the impact of both

nature and nurture

Parents who are neither demanding nor responsive are said to be

negligent

Dopamine is a ___________ responsible for reward, learning, and movement.

neurotransmitter

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called

neurotransmitters.

Ezra does not identify as either male or female. This is common among those who identify as

non-binary

By watching her older brother who gets punished when he talks back to their mother, Shelley has learned that it is probably not a good idea to act this way. She has learned this lesson through

observational learning.

A carefully worded statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)

operational definition.

Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the

placenta

A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger

population

Dr. Salvia is studying how happiness in late adulthood relates to a person's social network and social connectedness. Her approach is called

positive psychology

Every time your cat jumps on the counter, you spray him with water. This is an example of a(n)

positive punisher.

In teaching her son to play baseball, Mrs. Thomas initially reinforces him with praise for simply swinging the bat correctly, then only for hitting the ball, and finally only for hitting the ball a good distance. She is using a procedure known as

shaping

Emotionally intense and fidgety infants become unusually anxious and aroused when facing new or strange situations. This best illustrates the impact of

temperament.

Monica is pregnant and snorts cocaine. She is likely to expose her unborn children to a harmful

teratogen

The removal of a woman's ovaries may contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural ________ level is ________.

testosterone; lowered