Psych final

In American culture, which outgroup would be viewed as having the highest level of competence?

rich men

Lotte has begun a regular routine of aerobic and weightlifting exercise on the advice of her therapist. Assuming this is an attempt to treat symptoms of a psychological disorder, of the following, Lotte is most likely trying to address

rumination caused by depression.

On his first day of daycare, Montel greeted his new teacher and classmates warmly as his mother put his belongings in his locker on the other side of the classroom. After she was finished, she hugged him goodbye and he proceeded to cry in her absence. Later that day, however, he greeted her with a big hug and smile when she returned to pick him up. With which attachment style is this behavior pattern consistent?

secure

Neymar wins his school's spelling bee by correctly spelling the word "octogenarian." Neymar recalled reading this word in a book earlier that year and was able to retrieve information about its spelling from his

semantic memory.

Lydia experienced a major accident a few months ago. While dealing with some stress after the traumatic experience, she asks you how she could adapt and become more resilient. You suggest that

she could change her mindset from being a victim of a serious accident to a survivor.

Which of the following memory systems holds information for about 30 seconds if not processed further?

short-term memory

Eric is highly motivated to lose weight. An advertisement for a weight loss solution is most likely to persuade him if it focuses on

the details of how this product accomplishes weight loss better than other products.

Thorndike studied how behaviors followed by positive outcomes become more common over time. He called this finding

the law of effect.

How would a humanistic psychologist explain why a person would commit a crime?

the person was influenced by negative societal pressures

When your doctor tests a spinal reflex (like the knee-jerk response),

the reflex is handled by the spinal cord, and no higher processing is necessary.

Emily is a psychologist who was just hired in a private practice. As part of her contract, Emily has agreed to be paid according to a fixed schedule of reinforcement. Given this agreement, she is likely to be paid

the same amount of money for each patient that she sees.

Kara asked two friends what came to mind when they thought of the word "ice cream." One friend answered "cone" and the other "truck." The spreading activation model would suggest that their different responses are likely the result of

their individual experiences with ice cream

Another way of saying we have found statistical significance would be to say

these results are unlikely to be due to chance in the large majority of cases.

Malaki was accidentally hit in the head with a baseball when younger. Now, whenever he sees anything flying nearby he dramatically jumps it, even if it is not coming in his direction. In this example, the original baseball that hit Malaki in the head is considered a(n)

unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Research was conducted on the cultural difference of implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem. Reports of self-esteem across cultures were th same

when using implicit measures.

Asher believes that health professionals are likely to be seriously over-diagnosing ADHD in school-age children. Which research finding is mo consistent with his position?

• More than half the children in a large sample who were receiving medication for ADHD did not meet even the relaxed diagnostic criter the DSM-5.

Why would humans form social groups rather than live in isolation?

• Social groups provide benefits of mutual protection and assistance.

Stuart conducted a study evaluating cancer survivors' adjustment following treatment. Another researcher from an outside institution asks Stuart for access to his data to conduct additional analyses. To ensure that participants' privacy and confidentiality are maintained, how would Stuart best handle this request?

→ Stuart can provide the researcher with a dataset that excludes identifiable patient information.

Starting from a young age, Gervase had trouble making eye contact with others. He also never enjoyed games like hide-and-seek, which depend on taking the perspective of others. Gervase may be a person with

く autism spectrum disorder.

Fatima suspects a close friend has narcissistic tendencies. Suppose she wanted to assess this possibility by asking her friend a single question. According to research, the best approach would be asking how strongly her friend agrees with which statement?

1 am a narcissist.

Which the following is an example of a valid measurement?

An anxiety scale that accurately reflects the level of anxiety a person is experiencing

Annalise says she always remembers her dreams when she wakes up from a nap. Based on research on dreams and REM sleep, you know that this indicates that

Annalise is likely sleep deprived and spends most of her nap in REM.

What is the relationship between axons and dendrites?

Axons send information; dendrites receive information.

How do cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience differ?

Cognitive neuroscience focuses more on brain structures and function than cognitive psychology.

Which degree was developed to train psychologists to provide services without undergoing extensive training in research methods?

Doctor of psychology (PsyD)

Question 26 Cynthia read a theory of decision-making which stated that humans frequently draw conclusions, often incorrectly, based on the inforn comes to mind more quickly (the availability heuristic). Based on this theory, which of the following might Cynthia be most likely

Dying in plane crash vs car accident

Michael, a prisoner diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, stood trial for his crimes. During the trial, his victims and their families provided emotional testimony about the effect his actions had on their lives. Given Michael's diagnosis, how is he likely to respond to hearing this outpouring of emotion?

He will show little to no emotional response.

Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?

Higher trait anxiety is associated with fewer hours spent studying.

According to Freud, which aspect of personality resides solely in our unconscious mind?

ID

Peter wants to study how individuals with depression differ in their content awareness compared to individuals without depression. To achieve this, what should Peter ask his participants to focus on?

Instruct the participants to identify things they can see and hear in their immediate environment.

Maria is conducting a brain imaging study evaluating how participants perform on a speed task and respond to their mistakes. As a control n Maria wants to ensure that participants are not engaged in conscious thought. What should Maria instruct her participants to do?

Instruct the participants to relax, but not provide any specific instruction regarding their thoughts.

Which of the following BEST describes the critical difference between introspection and measurements of reaction time in psychological study?

Introspection is a less objective measure than reaction times.

Jamaal is often so busy that he rarely enjoys what scientists refer to as the pleasant life. What among the following is the best option that you could recommend Jamaal do to begin to savor his life experiences?

Jamaal likely needs to avoid interruptions and diversions when he is experiencing something pleasant, such as family time or a walk in nature

Which of the following relationships most clearly display a combination of intimacy and commitment?

Janeane and Lucy, who have been "best friends" for decades, and often share their hopes and fears

Which of the following is an example of state of awareness?

Katie is paying attention to the lecturer.

Which one of the following describes a possible method for a couple developing a transactive memory?

One partner agreed to manage the couple's calendar and subsequently remembered all upcoming important dates.

Patient S.M. suffered damage to her amygdala. When conducting a study on social closeness with patient S.M., what did the researchers find?

Patient S.M. preferred to stand closer to people than healthy controls.

Imagine researchers discover a disease that causes cells in the reticular formation to fire more quickly than usual. Which of the following be a symptom of this disease?

Patients are alert and awake more than typical.

Question 19 Pearl has tried unsuccessfully in the past to quit smoking. She indicates that when she has tried she will eventually ask a friend for a smoke on lunch or coffee breaks at work. Which of the following options would yield the best results?

Pearl could spend time with her non-smoking friends on her breaks and also utilize them as a support system.

Suppose a woman pursues therapy to treat social anxiety. Her therapist thinks the anxiety results from unhealthy cognitions, such as believing others are always paying attention to and judging her. How might a behaviorist, even if they agreed with this diagnosis, best explain the problem from a behavioral perspective?

She may experience unpleasant thoughts when she enters a social situation, and relief when she avoids one.

Emily, a lawyer, spends several weeks working 16-hour days to prepare for an upcoming case. Although the case is important, she eventually fe strong desire to take a night off and meet her friends for dinner. Which of the following offers the best explanation for this shift in her priorities.

She passed her 'set point' for social activity.

Ingrid has entered late adulthood. According to Erikson, how will she likely approach social interactions, if she has a sense of integrity about her prior experiences?

She will be satisfied with her social life and calmly maintain these connections.

Brooke is distracted by a phone call while shopping and accidentally walks out of the store without paying for the clothes she is holding. According to Freud, if Brooke has an overly dominant superego how will she likely respond to this mistake?

She will feel immense guilt and immediately return to the store to confess her crime.

Paula takes a parenting class and becomes committed to following the authoritative parenting style. Her daughter has recently failed a test in school. Which of the following would best exemplify Paula's new parenting approach?

Take away her TV and have a discussion about how to improve her grade.

In a research study, patients that were treated with lithium showed what effect in their brain?

The level of gray matter volume increased.

The Applied Physies Lab is a large university research lab funded by money from federal grants. All members of the team are involved in the grant submission process. Which of the following likely represents how transactive memory affects the lab?

There is a routine that team members follow that involves each person being responsible for their area of expertise in the grant process.

Patrice is waiting in line to get his passport renewed. When he reaches the counter, the employee frowns at him and repeatedly interrupts him. Patrice assumes the employee must be a rude, unhappy person. Which fact about the correspondence bias most clearly shows that this is not necessarily true?

There isn't enough information about people's circumstances to understand their behavior.

Consider a common behavior by people with ADHD - interrupting others in conversation to an unusual degree. What is the most plausible reason that interruptions by those with ADHD might serve to reduce their anxiety?

They have something interesting to tell you and are worried they'll forget it if they don't say it immediately.

What happens when feel-good, uplifting messages are sent to students who performed poorly on an exam?

They performed poorly on their next exam.

You read a study claiming the heritability of extraversion is 0.3. What does this mean?

Variations in extraversion across the population are 30% due to genetic factors.

Claudine only hires employees that say they are hard workers during their job interview. Despite this claim, many of Claudine's employees quit within the first six months due to the demanding workload. Which of the following would be best for helping Claudine select employees who will be dutiful and persist, despite the demands of the job?

administering a valid personality inventory and selecting people high in conscientiousness

Which of the following processes can stress accelerate?

aging

Consciousness is to awareness of internal and external stimuli as

an active default mode network is to self-thought.

Juan used to be remarkably outgoing. He considered himself an extrovert because, in his words, he "recharges his batteries" by being social. If he becomes depressed and as a result becomes drastically less social, he is demonstrating which typical symptom?

anhedonia

Which personality disorder is most characterized by an unusual lack of remorse or empathy?

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

What are three principles of ethical research in nonhuman subjects?

appropriate housing and care, minimal pain and suffering, clear necessity

Neal's parents frequently punish him for relatively minor transgressions. One evening, Neal's parents forbid him from attending a friend's party. Which of the following parenting styles do Neal's parents follow?

authoritarian

Suppose a young child enjoys killing bugs and other small creatures. When interacting with other children, he is most likely to exhibit which of the following problem behaviors?

bullying other children

You are working with a mental health agency that wants to implement an alcohol prevention program in your community. What age group would you suggest the program target?

childhood

Researchers describe a species that developed color vision, an adaptation that rapidly spread through the population. The rapid spread of the adaptation is evidence that

color vision translated to large survival advantages.

The primary function of the corpus callosum is to

connect the cerebral hemispheres.

Which debate in developmental psychology does the dichotomy of an acorn growing into an oak tree and a butterfly emerging from a chrysalis demonstrates the role of?

continuity vs. discontinuity

Dolores takes over as manager at a casino. She is convinced by one of the customers that she should switch the slot machines from a variable ratio (VR) schedule to a fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement. This change is likely to lead to

customers more easily figuring out when a payout will occur

During class, Jeremy stops paying attention and starts daydreaming. Jeremy is likely using which part of his brain?

default mode network

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been linked to abnormalities in cortical development. Specifically, people with ASD show structural differences consistent with an increased ability for

detailed focus.

According to the humanistic approach to therapy, psychological disorders are often caused by

discrepancies between the ideal and the real selves.

Destinee had not slept for 20 hours and became motivated to go to sleep. After a full night's sleep, she will likely experience

drive reduction.

Reggie starts a new dating website that gives each member a Big Five Inventory personality assessment when they sign up for the service. These results are then used to match members who share similar personality trait profiles. If the test is accurate and individuals do not lie, it is likely that most of the relationships formed as a result of this matching strategy will

enjoy more long-term relationship satisfaction.

The Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) are responsible for

ensuring ethical research conduct.

Alice and Grace are identical twins, but do not look exactly alike. Their different appearances are the result of

environmental factors and experience.

The goal of evolutionary psychology is to

explain how the patterns of behavior we share with other humans have been shaped by evolution.

Recent research shows that perceptions of "blackness" are predictive of whether a person convicted of murder is sentenced to death. Specifically, the death penalty is more likely when people have stereotypically black

facial features.

The Premack principle suggests that important consequences for behavior can be determined by

figuring out what a person spends the most time doing

A psychologist who focuses on environmental factors is likely to have trouble explaining why some children who are maltreated engage in antisocial behavior while others do not, because

genetics are a critical factor in antisocial behavior

One benefit of forgetting is that it helps us to

give priority to things that are important to remember.

In recent weeks, two major accidents have occurred at a highway toll plaza because cars sped through the toll lanes. Law enforcement officials would like to institute a punishment for individuals caught speeding around the toll area. Which of the following options is likely to be most effective?

having a cop in each toll booth who can issue a ticket to every person caught speeding into the toll lane

The idea that you are happiest when you strive to be the best version of yourself is most related to which school of thought?

humanism

Many scientists believe that the biggest factor in the rapid increase in brain size during hominin evolution was due to

increase in the complexity and size of social relationships.

Which of these hormones is responsible for moving sugar from the bloodstream to cells?

insulin

Mazyar has just learned that his biological parents both had schizophrenia, making him genetically at risk for the disorder. Given this fact, which of the following would place him even more at risk for developing schizophrenia?

living in poverty

Which among the following is a contributing factor for both psychological issues and mortality?

loneliness

Portia answers an online ad about an antique bookshelf that is for sale. She calls the seller and negotiates the price down to $100. However, when she arrives to make the purchase, the asked-for price suddenly rises to $150. The seller is best demonstrating which of the following sales techniques?

low-balling

Which of the following disorders responds best to psychotherapy, especially cognitive-behavioral therapy?

major depressive disorder

Baby Bathtime is a company that makes bathing products for newborns. They want to improve their best-selling baby shampoo to make it more appealing to newborns. Which of the following changes is most likely to accomplish this goal?

making a lavender-scented formula

Military veterans without PTSD have the same rates of intimate aggression as the general population. For those with PTSD, the risk of intimate aggression is

much higher, and the severity of symptoms predicts the likelihood of aggression.

Sia prides herself on being a tough parent. She shows little warmth and has very high expectations for her daughter. Sia's parenting : to increase the risk of her daughter developing

narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)

Chris hates doing laundry and always asks his wife tons of questions each time he begins doing this chore. Frustrated by his repeated questions, his wife steps in and insists that Chris stop doing laundry and states that she will take care of it instead. In this scenario, Chris's question-asking behavior was

negatively reinforced

Visual information processed in the occipital lobe follows two separate pathways for further processing

object recognition and object movement.

Along which two dimensions do parenting styles vary?

parental support and behavioral regulation

Suppose an artist digitally alters a set of portraits so that each person's face has perfectly matched left and right sides (i.e., mirror images). Research on how evolution has shaped our perception of physical attractiveness would predict that

people would rate the faces as more attractive, partly because they appear healthier.

In the "computer dance" study on romantic attraction, the only significant variable that predicted whether male participants would ask their partner for a second date was

physical attractiveness.

If a distribution of scores as more than one peak, this means the data

probably have more than one mode.

Which of the following hormones has a negative relationship with female sexual interest?

progesterone

Question 2 John was outside his home doing work in the bitter cold without a coat. His wife saw him from the house and brought him a coat. As soon as he put the coat on, the uncomfortable cold was eliminated. Given this scenario, the next time John needs to go outside in similar weather he is likely to

put a coat on.

Trinah and Brian work in a bank and deal with rude customers each day. Trinah observes Brian standing up to customers and yelling back at them and she begins to imitate his behavior. If Brian is fired for this behavior, Trinah is likely to

reduce how aggressive she is to customers.

Charlie's mother used recreational drugs throughout her pregnancy with him. Her repeated use likely led Charlie to develop

reduced gray matter in his brain.

Cindy is about to cross the street when a car comes speeding in her direction. Without thinking, she jumps back to narrowly escape being hit. This response is an example of a(n)

reflex

Josephine is cooking a big dinner for her family. She is so preoccupied with making everything perfect, she accidentally touches a very hot pan. She immediately pulls her hand away without thinking about it. This is an example of a(n)

reflex.

Bristol enrolled in a weight management program to help her lose weight. The instructor teaches her to use a "hunger-fullness scale" to rate how hungry versus how full she feels before deciding to eat any food. This type of strategy is designed to teach her to

rely on internal cues of hunger.