Psych Final Raymond Tucker (SI session and Moodle questions)

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

"Fight or flight" Blood pressure/heart rate increase, digestive slowing.

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

. cognitive therapy

1. What is the correlation coefficient of the image?

.70

What are the prevalence rates and when is the age of onset for schizophrenia?

1 in 100 people will get it. ] Men are 1.4 times more likely to contract it. Males will get it between 15-25. Women will get it between 30-40

12. Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.

35%

What is a dissociative disorder?

A break in consciousness, memory, or identity.

17. Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat what?

A. auditory hallucinations C. paranoia D. visual hallucinations

18. The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

A. cerebellum

18. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. What are those three factors?

A. client's characteristics, values, preferences, and culture B. clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist D. use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for client's issue

19. A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.

A. computerized tomography (CT) scan

7. What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

A. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

14. Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.

A. the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother

What is CBT?

Action therapy with three goals. Relieve the symptoms and solve the problem, help develop strategies for solving future problems, and help change irrational distorted thinking.

How is PTSD different than Acute stress disorder?

Acute stress disorder is short term, takes less time to develop (within 1 month)

What is a personality disorder?

Adopting a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions.

What race has the lowest suicide rate?

African Americans.

What are cognitive distortions?

Arbitrary interference, selective thinking, overgeneraliztion, magnification and minimization, personalization.

4. A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

Attitude

10. Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?

B. Having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task.

1. Aversive conditioning is a ________.

B. counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

What are the two different types of psychosurgery?

BAC which destroys anterior cingulate gyrus. rTMS, magnetic pulses to the cortex. Temporarily knocks out a brain area.

What is the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide?

Being lonely and believing their absence would be better than presence.

limbic system

Between the older parts of the brain and the cerebral hemisphere. Group of several brain structures located under the cortex.

What is the biopsychosocial model?

Biological , psychological, and social factors that affect physical health. Many physical illnesses are result of complex interplay of these factors.

What are the early "treatments" for mental health?

Blood letting Spinning chair "Tranquilizer" Shock therapy

9. What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?

C. The study went on too long.

18. Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

C. telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort

What are the different types of cognitive therapy?

CBT, group therapy.

What is OCD?

Centers around compulsions, or repetitive actions, and obsessions, repetitive thoughts.

What is autism?

Challenges with social skills, repetitive speech, nonverbal communication.

What is conformity?

Changing your behavior to match that of other people.

What is PTSD?

Chronic nightmares, jumpy, socially withdrawn, trouble sleeping.

How do cognitive therapy and behavior therapy differ?

Cognitive attacks why/how it started. Behavior therapy is based on conditioning without concern of how it started.

20. Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

Cognitive dissonance

What are the three components of attitudes?

Cognitive: Beliefs, thoughts. Behavioral: Intentions, past behavior. Affective: Emotions, feelings.

Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?

D. humanistic therapy

6. Who was Stanley Milgram?

D. social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

What are biological causes of mood disorders?

Decreased serotonin and dopamine

What are some different types of behavior therapies?

Desensitization, exposure, and aversion.

2. Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

What are mood disorders?

Disorders in which the mood is severely disturbed.

What are cognitive causes of mood disorders?

Distorted, illogical thinking

20. Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?

Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits thelength of time one can be hospitalized.

Amygdala

Emotions of fear and anxiety.

1. The groups that listen to music (fast-paced and slow-face music groups) are what?

Experimental Groups- Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the IV

What are phobias?

Extreme stress with fear of objects or situations.

What is dissociative identity disorder?

Extremely rare disorder in which an individual has more than one distinct identity. Suffers from blackouts. only has one core personality though.

1. True or False: Group therapies are high cost social/emotional support and they have no privacy.

False

What is the sociocultural perspective?

Family, social, and culture all influence mental illness. Cultural relativity.

1. Which lobe of the brain contains the motor cortex, which is responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system?

Frontal Lobe- Reasoning. decision making, fluent speech, personality (motor cortex)

What are the causes of schizophrenia?

Genetics, urban location, prenatal exposure to infection/toxins, Vitamin D deficiency, father's age.

Describe the goals and techniques used in humanistic therapy

Goal is to show everyone we all have potential.

What are the risks of using behavior therapy?

High anxiety at the start of treatment.

15. Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

How you think determines how you feel.

After going through a major brain surgery, Crystal's doctor accidently removed the wrong part of the brain. After her surgery, Crystal noticed that she can go an entire day without drinking water or eat. She can also stay up all night studying without any problems. What part of the brain did Crystal's doctor remove?

Hypothalamus - Interior and sending out to the cortex (Drivers for motivation)

19. How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?

In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious

What is schizophrenia?

Inability to perceive what is real and what is fantasy.

The type of music played is what?

Independent Variable

Seratonin

Influences mood and regulates food intake; depression.

13. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Hypothalamus

Interior and sending out to the cortex. Motivation center.

How do directive and nondirective therapies differ?

Interpretation of clients statements versus client does all of the talking himself.

What is binge eating disorder?

Involves binge eating, but no purging.

What is the cognitive theory on mental illness?

Irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought cause it.

What are behavioral causes of mood disorders?

Learned helplessness.

Acetylcholine

Learning, memory, muscle movement. Lacking this can cause Alzheimer's.

16. Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.

Limbic system; emotioinal

What is the biological theory of mental illness?

Medical or biological causes, first theory that states mental illness starts as part of the body.

Who dies by suicide more, men or women?

Men commit suicide more, women think about it more.

What is the behaviorist theory on mental illness?

Mental illness is learned.

Early Explanations of Mental Illness

Misaligned magnetism, letting evil spirits out by trephining (drilling a hole into the skull), inbalance in the body's humors, burning at the stake.

Why is this controversial?

Most patients have experienced severe trauma as a child.

Frontal lobe

Motor cortex, reasoning, decision making, fluent speech.

1. The state of sleep that contains sleep spindles.

N2

What race has the highest suicide rate?

Native Americans

What is the somatic nervous system?

Nerves that carry info from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles.

What is the automatic nervous system?

Nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands.

16. What does research suggest about the comparative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques?

No studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another.

What is person-centered therapy?

Nondirective therapy. Authenticity, unconditioinal positive regard, empathy, reflection.

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Normal behaviors that healthy people have are absent from schizophrenics (social withdrawal, apathy, poor hygiene. )

What is major depressive disorder?

Number 1 long term in the US. Comes on suddenly with no external cues. Most common mood disorder. Symptoms include depressed mood, reduced interest, insomina, feeling worthless, trouble focusing.

What are characteristics of personality disorders?

Odd or eccentric Dramatic, emotional, or erratic Anxiety of fearfulness.

12. People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

Only the right visual field

17. Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

14. Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

PTSD

8. Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?

People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social psychology

What are behavior therapies typically used to treat?

Phobias and addictions.

What are panic disorders?

Physical symptoms of repeating panic attacks.

What is Groupthink?

Placing more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of a problem.

What is the biomedical therapy approach?

Prescription drugs, cutting corpus collosum, electric convulsive therapy.

What are the pros and cons of group therapy?

Pros: Low cost, social/emotional support. Cons: No privacy, shared therapist time, you must be able to sit in a group.

What is each color and what does it do?

Purple: Pons, links to cerebellum, affects arousal and dreaming Yellow: Medulla, regulates heart rate and breathing Red: Cerebellum, balance and coordination

What does QPR stand for?

Question, Persuade, Refer

1. What occurs when the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscle fails, allowing the person to thrash around and act out nightmares?

REM Behavior Disorder

Thalamus

Relay station between the lower part of the brain and the cortex.

What is the psychodynamic theory?

Repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious.

1. Which of the following is not a cognitive explanation of anxiety disorders.

Repressed urges and desires are trying to surface.

What causes a dissociative disorder?

Repression of memories, avoidance learning.

What is insight therapy? How is it different from action therapy?

Reveal unconscious conflicts, if you understand the underlying desires, you can cure the disorder. Insight is about gaining insight, and action is about changing the behavior.

What is anorexia nervosa?

Self starvation due to a distorted body image of being overweight

1. Sam has some beliefs about hypnosis. Which of her beliefs are actually true?

She believes anyone can experience it and it can be therapeutic

What is bipolar disorder?

Slow vs fast. Strong genetic component. Common in creative fields. Causes switches between Mania(hyperactivity, overly talkative, low inhibitions, no sleeping) and depression.

What is the definition of mental illness?

Something mentally not normal and inhibiting.

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Symptoms found in schizophrenic patients and not healthy individuals (hallucinations, delusions, silliness)

What is systematic desensitization?

Systematically desensitizing patients by putting them in a relaxing environment while concentrating on their fears. Takes a very long time

What is psychotherapy?

Talking with a psychological professional.

What is social psychology?

The branch of psychology that studies how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others

What is the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others

13. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.

The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure."

What is gestalt therapy?

Therapist uses leading questions and sometimes uses role-playing for client to face their feelings and experiences.

What are common myths associated with autism?

They cant feel emotion. Cant understand other's emotions. Intellectually disabled. They will grow out of it.

20. Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is incorrect?

This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.

1. The aspect of sound that is determined by the number of waves (it's complexity)

Timbre- Determined by the number of waves involved "Complexity"

1. True or False: A psychiatrist has a medical specialty and goes to graduate school, which allows them to prescribe medicine.

True

Wernicke's aphasia

Understanding impairment, sentences do not make sense. Unaware

How does humanistic therapy differ from psychoanalysis?

We are all responsible vs needing others to help.

1. ___________ is an impairment of language that affects an individual's ability to comprehend and produce both spoken and written communication. It deals with meaningful speech and the person is not aware that they don't make sense. __________ is a speaking impairment that causes the person to have a difficult time getting the words out. They're aware of the difficulty.

Wernicke's; Broca's

15. Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernickes's Area

Is ECT still in use today?

Yes, for extreme depression.

14. Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?

You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time

1. Which of the following scenarios probably will not result in the bystander effect?

You come across someone lying on a busy sidewalk in a large city.

What is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

a mood disorder caused by the body's reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months seasonal depression, symptoms include depressed mood, reduced interest, insomnia, loss of appetite, weight gain.

Categorize each IQ score below

a. 70: Intellectually disability b. 100: Average c. 130: Gifted

1. What percent of people who die by suicide suffered from a mental health disorder?

a. 75-90%

1. Lila is hiking in the woods, she sees a bear with its cubs trailing behind. She looks around her surrounding to determine where she can hide because running would draw attention to her. She decides to hide behind a large tree, as she's waiting for the bears to pass by, her leg muscles are contracted just in case she needs to run, and sugar is released into her bloodstream for energy. What stage of General adaptation syndrome (GAS) is she in?

a. Alarm- Sympathetic nervous system is activated by adrenal glands, muscles contract, sugar is released into bloodstream for energy, accelerated heart rate increase blood flow to muscles; blood pressure increases

1. Which of the following is not something people should do to reduce cognitive dissonance?

a. Allow their conflicting attitude and behavior to be solved with time.

State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness.

a. Altered State of Consciousness

1. Brightness is to _________, as hue is to _______.

a. Amplitude; Wavelength

1. Eva has been estranged with her dad for years. Once news got out that she got a new job, her dad reached out to her and asked to borrow 1,000 dollars. Years have passed, and he never repaid her. He has also continued to manipulate her whenever he needs her. What disorder could Eva's dad have?

a. Antisocial Personality Disorder-Shameless disregard for and violation of other people's rights

1. Cedric is dreading this weekend because he has to either deal with his knee pain or go consult his doctor about possibly getting surgery on the knee. What type of conflict is this?

a. Avoidance-Avoidance- 2 undesirable goals

1. What group of depressants contain a drug that lowers anxiety and reduce stress. Rohypnol. The "date rape" drug is under this group.

a. Benzodiazepines- Depressants, decreases anxiety & stress

1. If someone offered you your favorite flavor of ice cream, but it was topped with pickles and hot sauce, chances are you'd be able to turn it down right away because of what?

a. Bottom-up Processes

1. Jacob has a stressful week of exams. After his last exam, he went to a buffet with his friends. After the buffet he ordered some pizza to his apartment. Jacob later felt guilty for eating so much food, so he decided to go to the gym for four hours and stayed on the treadmill the entire time to lose the weight he gained. What type of disorder is Jacob displaying?

a. Bulimia Nervosa

1. Jane's research team just discovered a man named Tan with a rare disorder. They quickly reached out to Tan and asked for permission to study his disorder until his demise. What type of descriptive method is this?

a. Case Studies- Study of one individual in great detail " Ex. Phineas Gage"

1. Jelane often has irrational and self-defeating thoughts. She also has a hard time coping with problems. What type of therapy would be beneficial to Jelane?

a. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) -Alter the way people act (behavior) and alter the way people think (cognitive)

1. For his lab research assignment, Kol has to figure out the effect of different hair conditioners (Maybelline, Dove, or Sauve) on hair growth. He decided to recruit 25 participants, and each participants will have the same hair type and will use the conditioners the same number of times a week. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

a. Conditioners

1. You've been in a 4-year relationship that has been solid. When your best friend comes to you will different proofs of your significant other cheating, you ignore him and defend your significant other by listening all the great things they do for you. What problem solving barrier is this?

a. Confirmation Bias-Search for evidence that fit one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does NOT fit those beliefs

1. Every time your cat moves the remote closer to you when you ask her to, you give her a treat. What schedule of reinforcement is this?

a. Continuous Reinforcement-ALWAYS reinforcing

1. The surface of the eye is cover in a clear membrane called the ______. It protects and focuses most of the light coming into the eye.

a. Cornea- Clear membrane that covers the surface of the eye & focuses most of the light coming into the eye

1. A type of memory that contains semantic and episodic information. It's a memory for facts, information that is conscious and known.

a. Declarative Memory- (Explicit memory)

1. __________ are branchlike structures of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons, and __________ are enlarged ends of axonal branches of neuron, specialized for communication between cells.

a. Dendrite; Axon Terminal

Researchers want to learn whether listening to fast-paced music helps runners perform better during a marathon. In an experiment, one group of runners listens to fast-paced music, another group listens to slow-paced music, the last group does not listen to any music. In this example, the type of music the runners listen to is the independent variable. Use this scenario to answer questions 5-7 1. In this experiment, what is runner's performance?

a. Dependent Variable- The variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response/behavior of subjects in the experiment

1. A child that is somewhat willing to explore and react very little to the absence or return of their mother by showing no interest or concern has what attachment style?

a. Disorganized-disoriented-Show inconsistent, contradictory behaviors from other types; confusion

1. What are genes that actively control the expression of a trait?

a. Dominant Genes-Genes that actively control the expression of a trait

1. You're not sure you'll do well on your final exam, so you ask Dr. Tucker to curve the exam by 5 points. He says no, so you ask for a 2-point curve and he reluctantly agree. What type of compliance is this scenario?

a. Door-in-the-face technique-Starts with a lot of favors to reduce them to one, pressuring them to say yes

1. The neurotransmitter that is important for movement and frontal lobe activity. Too much of it can lead to symptoms of schizophrenia. Too little can lead to Parkinson's.

a. Dopamine- Important to movement and to frontal lobe activity; Schizophernia

1. This type of therapy was formerly known as "Electric Shock Therapy". It delivers electric shock to either one side or both sides of a person's head, resulting in a seizure or convulsion of the body and the release of a flood of neurotransmitters in the brain.

a. Electroconvulsive Therapy- Application of electrical current to the brain; often used after trial of medication failed

1. Who believed that mental Disorders were caused by an excess of blood in the brain?

a. Emil Kraepelin- Published first textbook of Psychiatry in 1883, Included 2 major groups Dementia praecox (Schizophrenia) and Manic-depressive psychosis (Bipolar disorder)

1. Which of the following is not a major issue with developmental psychology?

a. Emotional growth/Mental growth

1. Learning information at the same location where you will take your final exam will help your retrieve information more effectively.

a. Encoding Specificity- "State dependent learning", Learning it better in a specific area, you will recall it better in that area.

1. __________ is converting sensory information into a form that's useable in the brain, and __________ is using information in storage.

a. Encoding; Storage

1. Circle the choices that ARE characteristics of the Myelin Sheath.

a. Fatty substance that coats the axon a. Insulates, protects, and speeds up neural impulse

1. Piaget's Stage where people can use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events and situations. What stage is this?

a. Formal Operations-(12+yrs), Can do abstract and hypothetical reasoning, can reason contrary to experience

1. Lila threw away a nice chocolate box then went to the store to buy something to keep her jewelry in. What is Lila displaying?

a. Functional Fixedness- Thinking about objects only in terms of their typical function

1. What is an early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of the study is how the mind allows people of adapt, live work, and play?

a. Functionalism- William James (Study the function of consciousness how the mind allows people to work. Play, adapt to new circumstances)

1. Daniel always turns in his homework late because he works every day and gets home late at night. But his professor thinks it's due to his lack of drive not his circumstances. This is an example of what?

a. Fundamental Attribution Error-Overestimate the influence of dispositional factors while underestimating situation factors

1. Losing your car keys before you have to go to work is an example of what?

a. Hassle-Daily annoyances in life

1. Psychologists who held the view that people have free will, the freedom to choose their own destiny, and strive for self-actualization have what perspective?

a. Humanistic Perspective- Emphasis on conscious and immediate experiences and the empowerment of the individual to become the best he/she can be "self-actualize" & Humanists held the view that people have the FREE WILL, the freedom to choose/shape their own destiny.

1. Motivational interviewing is an alternative therapy to what therapeutic approach?

a. Humanistic-Boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self awareness and self-acceptance

1. What is the pathway of sleep?

a. Hypothalamus > SCN > Pineal Gland > Melatonin

1. Erikson's stage where a child wonders if they're good or bad.

a. Initiative vs. Guilt- "Am I good or bad?"

1. At the student health center, Roger's counselor always asks him why he did what he did and tries to get him to get a better understanding of why he does what he does. What type of therapy is this?

a. Insight Therapy- Helps people gain insight into their feelings (about understanding their thought pattern/behaviors) ,Goal: Reveal Unconscious conflicts

1. A transgender person being denied housing and a job can lead to what kind of stressor?

a. Internal Minority Stressors-Internalized negative thoughts and emotions related to minority status

1. You're a camp counselor who's dealing with two groups of students who dislike each other. They turn every game into a rivalry, so you decide to do an activity where they'd have to work together to complete it. What method of stopping prejudice are you using?

a. Jigsaw Classroom-Each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, forcing individuals to work together

1. A researcher places you in a quiet room and asks to detect when you are first able to hear the ticking of a clock. What is this researcher trying to determine?

a. Just Noticeable Difference- the smallest difference 2 stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time

1. After performing poorly on his first 3 exams, John has little hope for his 4th exam. Because he thinks he'll fail it too, he decided not to study. What is this an example of?

a. Learned Helplessness-Failing to try to escape from an aversive situation because of a history of repeated failures

1. A patient that is having problems with breathing and regulating their heart rate might have problems with which part of the brain?

a. Medulla- Regulates heartrate and breathing

1. _________ conditioning focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors and ________ conditioning focuses on involuntary automatic behaviors.

a. Operant; Classical

1. What is the color theory that states that visual neurons are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color? This theory explains afterimages.

a. Opponent-process theory- Propose 4 primary colors of cones arranged in pairs: Red+Green & Blue+Yellow

1. What was the findings of Davidson's study on the impact of stress on the immune system and how mindfulness effects it?

a. Participants who meditated had more flu antibodies.

1. Reese's parents work every day. They're hardly home and when they are home, they don't care about what's happening in Reese's life. She can do whatever she wants, and they will not say a thing. What type of parenting style is this?

a. Permissive Neglectful-Lack of involvement

1. When light reaches the retina, what pathway does it take?

a. Photoreceptor -> Bipolar -> Ganglion

1. John's dad told him that if he got a 30 on the ACT, he can have a car for his birthday present.

a. Positive Reinforcement-Giving something good

1. Julie was in a tragic car accident that led to the loss of her younger brother. Right after the accident she would have nightmares of the accident, anxiety, and no longer has a social life. One year has passed and she's still dealing with the same thing. What is Julie facing?

a. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-Chronic; may not manifest for several month (lasts for more than a month), symptoms may not appear for 6 months, 8% of military personnel who were in combat

1. Robert thinking that Australians are the cause of most of the pollution in the ocean is an example of _________. Because of his views, Robert would brutally turn down every Australian girl that asks him out, this is an example of __________.

a. Prejudice; Discrimination

1. A fill in the blank test is an example of what type of retrieval?

a. Recall- Information to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory w/ very few external cure (MUST BE LEARNED EARLIER)

1. What is a good alternative to BAC, a psychosurgery when the anterior cingulate gyrus is destroyed with an electric current?

a. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

1. The ___________ theory states that we sleep because it's necessary to the physical health of the body while ___________ theory states that sleep is to avoid predators.

a. Restorative; Adaptive

1. You recently learned the names of different countries in Asia, and later you have learned the names of different countries in Africa. You were made to recall the names of countries in Asia, and you accidently said an African country. What type of forgetting is this?

a. Retroactive Interference-Newer info impacts retrieval of older info

1. When a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable is what?

a. Scaffolding-Children learn when adults help them. Less help over time.

1. Sensory memory is brought into Short-term memory through what process?

a. Selective Attention- allows us to tune out unimportant details and focus on what is important.

1. Incorrect - Happy about her upcoming promotion, the trip home was full of singing. Correct: Happy about her upcoming promotion, Sammie sang all the way home. What is this an example of?

a. Semantics Error-Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences

1. In a _______, the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group. Only the experimenter knows.

a. Single-blind study- Participants are not told what group they were assigned to "THE PLACEBO EFFECT"

1. Hannah's best friend Laura sent her up on a dinner date with James. When Hannah found out she was horrified, because she fears eating in front of other people. What type of anxiety does Hannah have?

a. Social Anxiety Disorder- Social Phobia (Fear of objects/extreme stress)

1. Affective is to prejudice as cognitive is to ________ and behavioral is to ___________.

a. Stereotypes; Discrimination

1. Which of the following would be active if you were getting chased by a guy with a chainsaw?

a. Sympathetic Nervous System- Responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal (FIGHT/FLIGHT)

1. Behavior technique used to treat phobias in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears is _________.

a. Systematic Desensitization- Associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety causing stimuli (Commonly used with treating phobias, and is also and example of exposure therapy)

1. What was the purpose of Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation Experiment?

a. To observe the attachment relationships between a caregiver and child.

1. You receive an important letter, but a few drops of water have smeared part of the text. A few letters in different words are now just smudges. Yet, you're still able to read the letter in its entirety because of what?

a. Top-down Processing- Theory/expectation driven, memories direct awareness/perception (Higher level of cognition)

1. Dr. Jone's new patient has had painful experiences and finds trusting people difficult, so the patient is mistrustful of Dr. Jones and his ability to be helpful. What is the patient displaying?

a. Transference-When a patient projects positive or negative feeling for a people from the past onto the therapist

Your phone screen went black. You first pressed the power button to see if it'll turn on, this didn't work so you plug your phone into the charger and it still didn't turn on. You finally decided to take it to the repair shop.

a. Trial and Error- Mechanical solution, one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found

1. When Tim gets back to the dormitory after jogging around the campus, he likes to take a quick shower before going to class. One morning while taking a shower he hears someone flushing a nearby toilet. Suddenly, extremely hot water comes rushing out of the showerhead and Tim experiences excruciating pain. After muttering a few obscenities, he continues showering. A few minutes later, Tim hears another toilet flush and he leaps out of the shower. List the following based on this scenario.

a. Unconditioned Stimulus: Hot Water b. Unconditioned Response: Pain c. Neutral Stimulus -> Conditioned Stimulus: Flushing toilet d. Conditioned Response: Pain

1. Dan took a quiz to determine his personality type. The result of the quiz was that Dan's favorite hobby is watching old movies. He retook the quiz and kept getting the same answer. What does this quiz lack?

a. Validity-How well a test measures what it is supposed to measure

What are area examples of basic research?

a. What causes global warming? b. Will decreasing the number of plants along the coasts of historically polluted waters such as the Gulf of Mexico, reduce water pollution in that area? c. What causes large populations of fishes to die on coastal waters?

1. Known as the father of psychology, he made the first attempt to bring objectivity/measurement in psychology. He also found the 1st experimental psychology laboratory.

a. Wilhelm Wundt - "FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY", 1st attempt to bring objectivity/measurement in psychology, & founded the 1st experimental psychology lab (1879). STUDIED OBJECTIVE INTROSPECTION

1. Clay is in a therapy session. The therapist asks him to relax and say whatever comes to his mind at the moment. This therapist is using ________, which is a technique of ________.

a. free association; psychoanalysis

5. ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

all-or-nothing thinking

. Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.

antidepressants

5. ________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.

anxiety

6. A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

anxiety

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?

behavior

10. The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions

What is bulimia nervosa?

binge eating and purging due to a belief of being overweight.

13. Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.

body dysmorphic

18. Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

borderline personality disorder

7. The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

19. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."

change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"

What is obedience?

changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

1. A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

4. The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

diathesis-stress

12. Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior?

diffusion of responsibility

16. Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________.

discrimination

20. ________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.

electroencephalography (EEG)

cingulate cortex

emotions and cognition

15. Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?

episodic

5. Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door

1. Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

fundamental attribution error

12. Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.

generallized anxiety disorder

2. Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb

19. Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

3. What is comorbidity?

having two causes for a single disorder

Temporal Lobe

hearing and meaningful speech

17. Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

Dopamine

important to movement and frontal lobe activity. Too much can cause Schizophrenia. Too little causes Parkinson's

17. Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

What is ADHD?

inattention and hyperactivity

2. Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?

influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment

8. Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

16. Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.

mania

Hippocampus

memory

10. What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?

negative

What is prejudice?

negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group

6. Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.

neurotransmitter

7. People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

. Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

overgeneralization

9. The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

3. When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting.

11. Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.

phobia

. Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

psychodynamic psychotherapy

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

rest and digest

11. ________ have over 85% of the l,669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas.

rural areas

9. Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?

schizophrenia

pariental lobe

sensory cortex; touch, taste, temp

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Broca's aphasia

speaking impairment, difficulty forming sentences. Aware.

11. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal cord

15. Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.

stereotypes

8. The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

4. The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

11. Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?

teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

14. The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

3. The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

1. Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.

the contribution of genes or environment to the behavior in the individuals studied

What is learned helplessness?

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events (Failed a test so feels hopeless about taking the next one.)

What is the lowball technique?

the requester gets an initial commitment from an individual, and then raises the cost of the commitment

What is cognitive dissonance?

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.

What is epigenetics?

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

What is discrimination?

treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong