Psych Final Review

Your friend Nikki has a fear of rodents. The both of you were at a train station and saw a rat on the train tracks. Nikki began to scream and runs to hide behind you. What part of Nikki's brain triggered her fear of rodents at that moment?

Amygdala

Beverly always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while she notices the fish swim to the top to look for food as soon as she turns on the light. In this example, the ___________ is the conditioned stimulus.

Aquarium light

Jessica is conducting a study using a correlational design to investigate aspects of the education system. Jessica gathers her data from several cities and towns throughout the United States. To her surprise, she finds attending Kindergarten is positively related (r= +.40) with later criminal activity. Based on the design of her study, what is she permitted to conclude?

Attending Kindergarten is a predictor of later criminal behavior

Why are games like "peek-a-boo" where you cover your face with your hands so exciting for infants?

Because they have yet to establish the premise of object permanence

In order to motivate students to come to class, a professor decides to pick, at random, a student in attendance each day to receive a bonus participation point. This use of rewards to influence student attendance best fits into which paradigm?

Behaviorism

Peter, whose left hemisphere is dominant for language, underwent a split-brain procedure. Post-surgery, his doctor assessing him using a tachistoscope to examine the impact of the procedure. On the left side of the device divider, the word "CAT" is shown, while at the same time on the right side the word "NAP" is displayed. When asked to write what he saw using his left hand, Robert would write _________. If asked to say what word he saw, Robert would state _________.

CAT; NAP

As part of an experiment, students completed a survey online and then had to report to the main office in the psychology building to turn it in. When they arrive, Mike (a research assistant), is standing behind the counter to take the paper. As soon as Mike has the paper in hand, he ducks down below the counter as if to put it away. However, a different research assistant (Matt), who has been hiding behind the counter then stands up to see if the student has any other questions related to the study. Surprisingly the study finds 75% of the participants didn't notice the person who collected the survey was not the same person who later asked them if they had questions. What was this experiment testing?

Change blindness

The understanding that certain physical characteristics (such as volume) remain unchanged even though appearances may change is first achieved at what stage of Piagetian development?

Concrete operations stage

The Trichromatic color theory is associated with what anatomical part of the vision processing pathway?

Cones

You are watching a sleep researcher who is monitoring the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. The researcher announces the participant has how now entered deep sleep. What type of new waves would you expect to see on the EEG?

Delta

Being able to remember your 16th birthday party and specific details of that day is because of your _____ memory.

Episodic

You have a credit card which provides you with frequent flyer miles as you make purchases. Once you've accumulated a set amount of miles you are awarded a free domestic flight to your choice of any the airline's major hubs. What type of schedule is this?

Fixed ratio

After a stroke, Phillip could understand what people were saying to him, but could no longer communicate through speaking. What lobe was most likely damaged?

Frontal

Dillon has a history of high anxiety and difficulty sleeping. He goes to see a physician who prescribes him a medication to help with both of these issues. What type of neurotransmitter interaction might drug have?

GABA agonist

Factory workers performance was observed observed in order to study their productivity. Researchers found that the workers performed differently just because they were being watched. What caused this phenomenon?

Hawthorne effect

What would be an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Hearing voices

Adam is frequently complaining about suffering from long-lasting and severe fevers. Which philosopher would be most likely to cite an imbalance in bodily fluids as the cause?

Hippocrates

In a formal debate between philosophers, which two philosophers would be the best candidates to support the head vs. heart argument respectively?

Hippocrates versus Aristotle

Believing that everyone choose their own destiny and has the freedom to do what they want reflects what perspective?

Humanistic

How would the psychoanalytic perspective explain why attachment takes place?

It's created from meeting of strong basic biological drives, such as hunger

Which historical figure would most likely have stated "advances in mental abilities are primarily an internal drive to make sense of our world. Essentially, when our experiences are not in line with our perceptions, then we naturally make adaptations to our mental frameworks to try and fit these experiences"

Jean Piaget

What historical figure would most likely state "our ability to visually distinguish color is determined in the brain by systems, which are set up in antagonistic pairings of colors. For example, red with green and blue with yellow".

Karl Ewald Hering

How long it takes to fall asleep is called sleep _________ while the behavior of staying asleep through the night is referred to as _________

Latency; continuity

Therese has been trying to find a job in marketing for the last 6 months without success. She has tried applying at different size businesses, different areas of the country, and different entry levels. Her friend suggest she might want to have her resume materials looked over by a professional for help. However, Therese doesn't take her friend's advice, believing she is simply not qualified for a marketing career. What has Therese experienced?

Learned helplessness

Your 9 year old brother is unable to swim. Every time he got in a pool and attempted to swim, he failed. Recently, your mom asked if he wanted to take swimming lessons taught by a professional swimmer so he can learn. However, your brother said no because he's tired of failing and doesn't believe he will ever learn to swim. Your brother is showing an example of:

Learned helplessness

Franz Gall was said to have a good theory but poor methodology. However, _____, who experimented with pigeons and their brains was said to have a poor theory but good methodology.

Marie Jean Pierre Flourens

Night terrors tend to happen in _______ sleep while nightmares are more like a product of

N3; REM

Emerson has been diagnosed with a particular disease known for destroying all of the rod photoreceptors in both eyes. What would you suspect she would have the most difficulty accomplishing due to the condition?

Navigating through a dimly lit room such as a movie theater

Jillian is extremely anxious about taking her exam today as she hasn't studied. As a solution, she quickly emails the professor a made-up excuse that she is sick. The instructor tells her she doesn't have to worry and approves her for a make-up. After hearing this, Jillian's anxiety immediately begins to disappear. However, she is now more likely to use the made-up excuse of being ill if she feels extremely anxious and unprepared on future exams. Which is the best description of what type of learning took place here?

Negative reinforcement

Kevin is 14-years old and believes that nobody can understand him, especially his parents. One day Kevin's new girlfriend forgot to meet him after school. He waited for hours and finally went home extremely agitated and sad. When he got in the door his father noted that Kevin was upset. Kevin cried "i'm not talking to you because you wouldn't understand!" However his father earlier in the day had to deal with a co-worker who never shows up for scheduled meetings. What is Kevin expressing?

Personal fable

Paul is a rugby player. During a very physical match, he's knocked unconscious. When Paul woke up later in the emergency room, he discovers that he an't move any portion of his body except his eyes. Doctors tell his family that they believe he is suffering from Locked in Syndrome and want to take a brain scan to confirm their diagnosis. If their diagnosis is accurate, what area of the brain would you suspect to be damaged according to the scan?

Pons

Gazelle's sleep late at night and wake up early in the morning, whereas it predator, the lion, sleeps during the day and typically hunts at night. Which is the most accurate theory explaining why gazelles sleep when they do?

Preservation theory

Janice, who suffers from having general anxiety, sees her therapist, Dr. Grey, once a week. Her therapist begins to wonder about what her childhood was like, what happens in her dreams, and the unconscious activities of her mind. What technique is Dr. Grey utilizing?

Psychoanalysis

Luke goes to see a psychologist to talk about depressive symptoms he has been experiencing recently. The therapist attempts to examine the unconscious workings of his mind by asking questions about his life, particularly his childhood and dreams. What is this technique called?

Psychoanalysis

When are we most likely to see alpha and beta waves on an EEG recording of someone asleep?

REM

Which of the following would be most impacted by damage to the cerebellum?

Riding a bike

Your dorm room smells like old pizza, dirty socks, and coffee; especially during finals week when your roommate can't keep their side of the room clean. However, while you are studying in the room; you find it bothers you less and less as time passes. Why?

Sensory Adaptation

When you first put your hat on, you can feel it quite easily resting on your head. However, after a while, you forget you are wearing a hat at all - the sensation is virtually gone. What explains this?

Sensory adaptation

Jim is 56 years old and overweight. His wife reports he snorts and snores loudly, keeping her awake most of the night. During the day, Jim often reports feeling overly tired and sleepy. What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms?

Sleep apnea

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson exposed Little Albert to other furry stimuli such as a rabbit, some cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. Watson noticed Little Albert was also afraid of these objects, even though they weren't in the original experiment. What had happened?

Stimulus generalization

Dillon is studying the presentation of sensory information below absolute threshold to see if perception would still occur at an unconscious level. What is Dillon studying?

Subliminal messages

In class we participated in an experiment called the digit span. In this experiment you had to listen to a series of digits and then try to recall them accurately. What were we assessing with this experiment?

The capacity of short term memory

Gina wonders if pen-color influences how teachers grade papers. In her study she has teachers grade the same set of essays, but half of them use a blue pen while the other half use a red pen. She then looks to see if there is a difference in the overall scores. In the end she finds teachers who used a red pen tend to grade more harshly than those who use blue pen. In this experiment, what was the dependent variable?

The scores on the essays

In class students participated in a task where they had to remember two lists of 20 items. The first time students were asked to pay attention to the number of letters in each word. The second time they were asked to think about how they felt with each word. In each case students were asked to try and recall the 20 items in the list. We found almost all students did better remembering words from the second list compared to the first list. Why?

The second list required processing the information at a deeper level

Having an organized set of principles that explains a phenomena is a(n) ____, while a prediction that can be tested is a(n) ____.

Theory; hypothesis

Mark invents a new drug which significantly boosts one's ability to memorize massive lists of words. Based on what you learned in class, this particular drug is most likely an agonist of what neurotransmitter

acetylcholine; hippocampus

In a soccer match, Ken is trying to kick the ball to a forward player down the field. However, he's kicking the ball into a strong crosswind, which will interfere with his attempt to do so. If we applied passing the ball to interneuronal communication where the ball was the neurotransmitter, the crosswind would be considered an

antagonist

Harold's parents believe that all children must respect their parents and obey their authority without question. Because of this, any act of independence is often interpreted as a challenge to authority. In response, Harold's parents often use some type of power assertion technique to put him in his place any time he is thought to be "rebelling". Based on this description, Baumrind would most likely describe Harold's parents as

authoritarian

Gigi believes that one's identity is completely based off reward and punishment, in which the consequences of our actions dictate who we become. Meanwhile, A.J. believes that one's identity is the result of their freedom to choose their own destiny. Gigi's viewpoint would most likely be related to the ______ perspective while A.J.'s viewpoint would most likely be related to the _____ perspective.

behaviorism; humanistic

During adolescence we experience a delayed phase shift or preference in sleep. This is due to

changes in the relase timing of melatonin

Phineas Gage was a worker on the transcontinental railroad when an explosion sent a rod through his skull. After the accident Phineas...

had difficulties controlling his impulses

The primary purpose of the DSM-5 is to:

help diagnose psychological disorders

Just like a gun firing a bullet, a neuron require a certain amount of energy to "fire" off an action potential. Which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to this process?

if an action potential is fired, it always has the same size in terms of its magnitude

Mary, a 14 year old teenager, woke up this morning with a small pimple on her cheek. Upon seeing the blemish, she fought with her parents about going to school that day saying "everyone will notice the ugly thing on my face and make fun of me!" She is convinced everyone will stare and talk about her pimple. Mary's behavior reflects the

imaginary audience

Henry, a 14 year old adolescent, says he has never been very close with his mother. He states "honestly, she never was around much. I couldn't count on her for anything; I had to learn to do a lot and take of myself on my own". More recently Henry has gotten in trouble at school for bullying and starting fights with other students. He also reports having very few, if any, close friendships. Based on this information, what attachment style do you think Henry has with his mother?

insecure-avoidant

Robert has a dream where he imagines that he is flying over a large field of grass. His therapist interprets this to as feelings of overcoming a great emotional distress of his recent divorce. This interpretation would be described as

latent content

The nocebo effect is an example of?

participant bias

Caitlin is extremely interested in whether people who sit in the front of the class use their phones less than people who sit in the back of the class. In order to study this, she sits in on a few random classes throughout the week and records how many people use their phones and where they are sitting in relation to the front of the room. Caitlin is using what descriptive method?

participant observation

You've had the same cell phone number for years, but recently had to switch to a new number. When someone in class asks for your number so you can get together to study; you mistakenly tell them your old cell number. This is an example of:

proactive interference

________ is considered a parasomnia while __________ is considered a dysomnia

sleep walking; sleep apnea

Nicholas is a man who the local college students all think of as eccentric. Each day he stands on campus, smiling at people as they walk by, and he is known for his ever-present greeting of "Good Luck!" In fact, the students at this campus have come to refer to him as "Good Luck Nick." Nobody knows if he has a home or if he is destitute, but Nicholas never asks for anything. Which of the four criteria of mental illness might Nicholas satisfy?

social norm deviance

The belief that thoughts (i.e the mind) could be broken down into simpler elements' into their own "periodic table of mental processing is a defining characteristic of:

structuralism

While camping in the wood, Ryan steps over a log and steps onto something thin and long on the ground. Before he looks down to see what he has stepped on, e immediately starts to panic, thinking that he make just stepped on a snake! His heart races and he begins to sweat as his ______ system becomes activated. As he looks down, he realizes he didn't step on a snake, but instead a broken tree branch on the ground. At this point his ______ system kicks in and he sighs in relieve, starting to calm back down.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Theresa is a one month old infant. At her doctor appointment Theresa's pediatrician wants to test some of her reflexes. For one of the reflexes, the doctor strokes the bottom of Theresa's foot. What reflex is the doctor assessing?

the Babinski reflex

After a significant head injury, Tracy is unable to detect movement of objects in her visual field. She says it is as if she watching a series of still frames rather than a movie. Based on her description, you would probably suspect the injury had damaged

the dorsal stream

Gina recently was accepted to work with William James, who is considered the founder of the functionalism approach. What will Gina most likely be investigating?

the purpose of why we feel emotions

The cognitive model views anxiety disorders as?

the result of strong illogical, negative, and irrational thought processes

In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without any nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups will have In this study, the independent variable would be

the use of nicotine

Additive color mixing occurs when

we shine various colored lights on the same surface

What is a disadvantage of observational design?

you must rely solely on behavior to interpret results