Philosophy Test 4

Theory

A general and/or abstract proposition used to explain a set of phenomena or to give an account of a confirmed hypothesis

According to the correspondence theory of truth, a true belief or statement

Accurately reports some aspect of reality

Wittgenstein's later view of language is most clearly captured in the notion of languages

As a game

The realist view of science tends to adopt the

Correspondence theory of truth

Martin Luther's conflict with the Catholic church was in part of the result of

Disagreements over interpretations of the Bible

For George Berkeley, material objects

Do not exist

Thomas Kuhn advocated a method of science

In which paradigms serve to define acceptable methodology

Leibniz's example of veins in a block of marble marking out the figure of Hercules was an attempt to illustrate the nature of

Innate Ideas

"We do have perceptual access to the real world and those arguments that say we don't are bad arguments."

John Searle

According to Immanuel Kant, a scientist should approach nature as a

Judge

Most___Believe that the basic principles of logic and math are innate

Rationalists

In the Meno, Socrates claims that ideas about geometry are remembered and must have acquired at some time before we were born

TRUE

Kant argued that a criterion for discovering the formal structuring components of experience is

The a priori nature of some concepts

George Berkeley argues that an object is

A collection of ideas

Our belief in an external, material world is, for Hume, the result of

Custom and habit

A part of the traditional meaning of a priori is being

Necessary

Rationalists prefer mathematics and logic since these yield

Necessary truths

Empiricism is the view that

Sense experience is the source of ideas

David Hume argued that causality was

The constant conjunction between distinct events

To solve David Hume's skepticism regarding anyone ever proving that our experience of objects actually conforms to the nature of the objects themselves outside or beyond experience, Kant made

Objects conform to our experience

Empiricism is the view that

Our knowledge of the universe comes through our senses

According to Kant

Our mind shapes the world

"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing."

Socrates

Kuhn claims that scientists often continue to hold on to a theory even if some observations show up that do not fit into the theory

TRUE

Modern philosopher Bertrand Russell held that a statement is true if it corresponds to reality

TRUE

In Kant's view, the senses provide us with

The content but not the structure of experience

In Plato's dialogue, the Meno, Socrates has a slave boy solve

A mathematical problem

Immanuel Kant attempted to philosophically prove that

A synthesis between empiricism and rationalism was necessary

Historically, an alternative method of interpretation as opposed to a literal interpretation of

Allegorical interpretation

To know an artist's intention, Dilthey claimed you must

Almost relieve or re-enact the artist's life

"We can never arrive at the real nature of things from the outside. However much we investigate, we can never reach anything but images and names. We are like a man who goes round a castle seeking in vain for an entrance and sometimes sketching the facades."

Arthur Schopenhauer

According to some contemporary philosophers, traditional empiricism resulted in skepticism because it treated experience or sensation as

Being 'inside us', or occurring in some 'inner theatre' of our mind

Conceptual relativism is a version of

Coherence theory of truth

"When you know a thing, to hold that you know it; and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it; this is knowledge."

Confucius

Two theories of truth discussed in this episode were

Correspondence and coherence

Hans-George Gadamer emphasized the

Ever present subjectivity in all interpretations

According to Kant, the mark of science is that it tries to disprove or falsify proposed theories

FALSE

According to Kant, we need only reason, and not the senses, to know anything about the world around us

FALSE

Berkeley denied that there are houses, books, trees, and cats

FALSE

Kant rejected the view of knowledge now called transcendental idealism

FALSE

Leibniz completely rejected the theory of innate ideas

FALSE

Locke's primary qualities include color and smell, and his secondary qualities include size and shape

FALSE

Most of the rationalists felt that the basic principle of logic and math could not be innate ideas in us

FALSE

The instrumentalist view of scientific truth is based on the correspondence theory of truth

FALSE

The romantic philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt vehemently denied that we construct the world according to the categories of our language that we happen to use

FALSE

Thomas Aquinas claimed that biblical texts have only a literal meaning

FALSE

Wittgenstein's early theory of an ideal language accepted the coherence theory of truth

FALSE

According to the coherence theory of truth, a true belief or statement

Fits in with other beliefs or statements

"If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts. But if he will be content to begin with doubts, he shall end in certainties."

Francis Bacon

Wilhelm Dilthey's work is most closely associated with that of

Friedrich Schleiermacher

According to the pragmatic theory of truth, a true belief or statement

Has some usefulness or reliability

Innate ideas are traditionally regarded as those ideas that we

Have independent of experience

"Empiricists and rationalists alike are dupes of the same illusion. Both take partial notions for real parts."

Henri Bergson

Hermeneutics gets its name from

Hermes, the messenger of god

According to Locke's empiricism, there is a gap between

Ideas and the material objects they are supposed copies of

"If a man has the need of any science, then it is the one that can teach him what it means to be human."

Immanuel Kant

According to David Hume, ideas are distinguished from impressions by

Impression having more force and vivacity

"It is not in the power of the most exalted wit, or enlarged understanding, to invent or frame one new simple idea in the mind."

John Locke

"The great scientists, such as Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Einstein, and Bohr, work with bold conjectures and severe attempts at refuting their own conjectures."

Karl Popper

Friedrich Schleiermacher claimed that to correctly interpret a text, one must

Know the text's historical context

According to some critics of Kant's views, his a priori concepts are actually relativized to

Language

Tabula Rasa

Literally, the blank tablet; philosophyically, a description most often associated with empiricists' views of the "empty" or "blank" mind prior to experience furnishing the mind with impressions or ideas

The intuitivist model seems to make the role of scientist too

Passive

"Is reason a truth-finding faculty all on its own? The rationalists say 'Yes!' and the empiricists say, 'Give us a break!'"

Paul Churchland

The instrumentalist view of science is a version of

Pragmatic theory of truth

According to Plato, learning is best understood as

Remembering ideas one already possesses

Karl Popper advocated a method of science

Requiring scientific hypotheses to be falsifiable

Francis Bacon advocated a method of science

Requiring scientific hypotheses to be inductively inferred from a collection of facts

In Kant's view our mind provides

Structure

According to Gadamer, the true interpretation of a text is the one that best coheres with both the prejudices of our own culture and what we believe the text meant in its own culture

TRUE

According to the coherence theory of truth, a statement is true if it is consistent with other statements that we regard as true

TRUE

Contemporary philosopher Barry Stroud argues that we have no way of checking to see what the real world might be like

TRUE

Descartes's assumed that "some evil genius not less powerful than deceitful, has employed his whole energies in deceiving me."

TRUE

Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge about the world comes from or is based on senses

TRUE

Francis Bacon and John Stuart Mill claimed that induction is the primary tool of the scientific method

TRUE

Kant's revolutionary claim that the world must conform to the mind is often referred to as the Copernican revolution is knowledge

TRUE

Plato and Descartes are rationalists

TRUE

Schleiermacher and Dilthey embraced the correspondence theory of truth

TRUE

The British empiricists were Locke, Berkeley, and Hume

TRUE

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says that the structure of a language determines how a speaker of that language thinks

TRUE

The correspondence theory has problems, explaining what a face is

TRUE

The question of whether interpretations are true is important when trying to find out what the Constitution requires

TRUE

The realist view of scientific truth holds that true scientific theories correspond to the way the world is

TRUE

The way that Gregor Mendel developed his laws of heredity is a good example of inductionism

TRUE

William Whewell, an opponent of Mill, claimed that great scientific advances occur when scientists make a creative guess or hypothesis

TRUE

Historically, one method attempted for avoiding misunderstanding in interpretation was

The creation of an ideal langauge

Hermeneutics is the branch of philosophy which focuses upon

The study of the interpretation of words and actions

Rationalism

The view that the mind has "innate" ideas or powers that by means of this knowledge, matters of fact or reality can be had independent of sensory input

Rationalism is the view that

We can discover basic laws of the universe through pure reason

Descartes uses the example of the wax to demonstrate that

We know physically or material objects through an intuition of the mind

Wittgenstein's early work claimed that the ideal language

Would clearly or exactly represent reality

Geometry proved an ideal model for rationalistic thought since it

Yielded truths that appeared indisputable and certain