Philosophy Test 4
Theory
A general and/or abstract proposition used to explain a set of phenomena or to give an account of a confirmed hypothesis
According to the correspondence theory of truth, a true belief or statement
Accurately reports some aspect of reality
Wittgenstein's later view of language is most clearly captured in the notion of languages
As a game
The realist view of science tends to adopt the
Correspondence theory of truth
Martin Luther's conflict with the Catholic church was in part of the result of
Disagreements over interpretations of the Bible
For George Berkeley, material objects
Do not exist
Thomas Kuhn advocated a method of science
In which paradigms serve to define acceptable methodology
Leibniz's example of veins in a block of marble marking out the figure of Hercules was an attempt to illustrate the nature of
Innate Ideas
"We do have perceptual access to the real world and those arguments that say we don't are bad arguments."
John Searle
According to Immanuel Kant, a scientist should approach nature as a
Judge
Most___Believe that the basic principles of logic and math are innate
Rationalists
In the Meno, Socrates claims that ideas about geometry are remembered and must have acquired at some time before we were born
TRUE
Kant argued that a criterion for discovering the formal structuring components of experience is
The a priori nature of some concepts
George Berkeley argues that an object is
A collection of ideas
Our belief in an external, material world is, for Hume, the result of
Custom and habit
A part of the traditional meaning of a priori is being
Necessary
Rationalists prefer mathematics and logic since these yield
Necessary truths
Empiricism is the view that
Sense experience is the source of ideas
David Hume argued that causality was
The constant conjunction between distinct events
To solve David Hume's skepticism regarding anyone ever proving that our experience of objects actually conforms to the nature of the objects themselves outside or beyond experience, Kant made
Objects conform to our experience
Empiricism is the view that
Our knowledge of the universe comes through our senses
According to Kant
Our mind shapes the world
"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing."
Socrates
Kuhn claims that scientists often continue to hold on to a theory even if some observations show up that do not fit into the theory
TRUE
Modern philosopher Bertrand Russell held that a statement is true if it corresponds to reality
TRUE
In Kant's view, the senses provide us with
The content but not the structure of experience
In Plato's dialogue, the Meno, Socrates has a slave boy solve
A mathematical problem
Immanuel Kant attempted to philosophically prove that
A synthesis between empiricism and rationalism was necessary
Historically, an alternative method of interpretation as opposed to a literal interpretation of
Allegorical interpretation
To know an artist's intention, Dilthey claimed you must
Almost relieve or re-enact the artist's life
"We can never arrive at the real nature of things from the outside. However much we investigate, we can never reach anything but images and names. We are like a man who goes round a castle seeking in vain for an entrance and sometimes sketching the facades."
Arthur Schopenhauer
According to some contemporary philosophers, traditional empiricism resulted in skepticism because it treated experience or sensation as
Being 'inside us', or occurring in some 'inner theatre' of our mind
Conceptual relativism is a version of
Coherence theory of truth
"When you know a thing, to hold that you know it; and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it; this is knowledge."
Confucius
Two theories of truth discussed in this episode were
Correspondence and coherence
Hans-George Gadamer emphasized the
Ever present subjectivity in all interpretations
According to Kant, the mark of science is that it tries to disprove or falsify proposed theories
FALSE
According to Kant, we need only reason, and not the senses, to know anything about the world around us
FALSE
Berkeley denied that there are houses, books, trees, and cats
FALSE
Kant rejected the view of knowledge now called transcendental idealism
FALSE
Leibniz completely rejected the theory of innate ideas
FALSE
Locke's primary qualities include color and smell, and his secondary qualities include size and shape
FALSE
Most of the rationalists felt that the basic principle of logic and math could not be innate ideas in us
FALSE
The instrumentalist view of scientific truth is based on the correspondence theory of truth
FALSE
The romantic philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt vehemently denied that we construct the world according to the categories of our language that we happen to use
FALSE
Thomas Aquinas claimed that biblical texts have only a literal meaning
FALSE
Wittgenstein's early theory of an ideal language accepted the coherence theory of truth
FALSE
According to the coherence theory of truth, a true belief or statement
Fits in with other beliefs or statements
"If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts. But if he will be content to begin with doubts, he shall end in certainties."
Francis Bacon
Wilhelm Dilthey's work is most closely associated with that of
Friedrich Schleiermacher
According to the pragmatic theory of truth, a true belief or statement
Has some usefulness or reliability
Innate ideas are traditionally regarded as those ideas that we
Have independent of experience
"Empiricists and rationalists alike are dupes of the same illusion. Both take partial notions for real parts."
Henri Bergson
Hermeneutics gets its name from
Hermes, the messenger of god
According to Locke's empiricism, there is a gap between
Ideas and the material objects they are supposed copies of
"If a man has the need of any science, then it is the one that can teach him what it means to be human."
Immanuel Kant
According to David Hume, ideas are distinguished from impressions by
Impression having more force and vivacity
"It is not in the power of the most exalted wit, or enlarged understanding, to invent or frame one new simple idea in the mind."
John Locke
"The great scientists, such as Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Einstein, and Bohr, work with bold conjectures and severe attempts at refuting their own conjectures."
Karl Popper
Friedrich Schleiermacher claimed that to correctly interpret a text, one must
Know the text's historical context
According to some critics of Kant's views, his a priori concepts are actually relativized to
Language
Tabula Rasa
Literally, the blank tablet; philosophyically, a description most often associated with empiricists' views of the "empty" or "blank" mind prior to experience furnishing the mind with impressions or ideas
The intuitivist model seems to make the role of scientist too
Passive
"Is reason a truth-finding faculty all on its own? The rationalists say 'Yes!' and the empiricists say, 'Give us a break!'"
Paul Churchland
The instrumentalist view of science is a version of
Pragmatic theory of truth
According to Plato, learning is best understood as
Remembering ideas one already possesses
Karl Popper advocated a method of science
Requiring scientific hypotheses to be falsifiable
Francis Bacon advocated a method of science
Requiring scientific hypotheses to be inductively inferred from a collection of facts
In Kant's view our mind provides
Structure
According to Gadamer, the true interpretation of a text is the one that best coheres with both the prejudices of our own culture and what we believe the text meant in its own culture
TRUE
According to the coherence theory of truth, a statement is true if it is consistent with other statements that we regard as true
TRUE
Contemporary philosopher Barry Stroud argues that we have no way of checking to see what the real world might be like
TRUE
Descartes's assumed that "some evil genius not less powerful than deceitful, has employed his whole energies in deceiving me."
TRUE
Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge about the world comes from or is based on senses
TRUE
Francis Bacon and John Stuart Mill claimed that induction is the primary tool of the scientific method
TRUE
Kant's revolutionary claim that the world must conform to the mind is often referred to as the Copernican revolution is knowledge
TRUE
Plato and Descartes are rationalists
TRUE
Schleiermacher and Dilthey embraced the correspondence theory of truth
TRUE
The British empiricists were Locke, Berkeley, and Hume
TRUE
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says that the structure of a language determines how a speaker of that language thinks
TRUE
The correspondence theory has problems, explaining what a face is
TRUE
The question of whether interpretations are true is important when trying to find out what the Constitution requires
TRUE
The realist view of scientific truth holds that true scientific theories correspond to the way the world is
TRUE
The way that Gregor Mendel developed his laws of heredity is a good example of inductionism
TRUE
William Whewell, an opponent of Mill, claimed that great scientific advances occur when scientists make a creative guess or hypothesis
TRUE
Historically, one method attempted for avoiding misunderstanding in interpretation was
The creation of an ideal langauge
Hermeneutics is the branch of philosophy which focuses upon
The study of the interpretation of words and actions
Rationalism
The view that the mind has "innate" ideas or powers that by means of this knowledge, matters of fact or reality can be had independent of sensory input
Rationalism is the view that
We can discover basic laws of the universe through pure reason
Descartes uses the example of the wax to demonstrate that
We know physically or material objects through an intuition of the mind
Wittgenstein's early work claimed that the ideal language
Would clearly or exactly represent reality
Geometry proved an ideal model for rationalistic thought since it
Yielded truths that appeared indisputable and certain