Psych of Aging Exam 2
As pointed out in AgeFeed, which of the following is an example of using mnemonics?
Rhyming a person's name with something about the person
The greater probability of death to those who have become widowed compared to those who are married
Widowhood effect
Loci
a memory enhancement technique that combines visualization with spatial memory of familiar environments in order to quickly recall information
The phenomenon in families known as "doing gender" describes what happens when parents:
behave according to traditional gender roles
examples of chronic disease
cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic lung disease
risk factors for cancer among women
overweight and obesity
Memory Palace
the use of method of loci as a way to improve long-term memory
emphysema
damaged air sacs
activities of daily living
eating, bathing, dressing, transferring, toileting
Research on the relationship between age and performance on the Everyday Problems Test shows significant variations by:
education
The Communication Predicament Model is most closely associated with which specific feature of language directed toward older adults?
elderspeak
rotaries and roundabouts can...
help reduce accidents
treatment for diabetes
insulin, dietary changes, exercise, and avoidance of interactions with over-the-counter medications
General slowing
loss of attentional resources leads to longer times to respond
cancer causes the highest number of deaths
lung cancer
As of 2016, 39% of individuals 85 and older in the U.S. are living alone in a household
true
The type of exercise most likely to promote cognitive functioning in older adults involves functional training
True
medical treatments for Alzheimer's disease
anticholinesterase glutamate anti beta-amyloid oligomers
The part of the brain responsible for "thinking" about internally-generated stimuli, such as when you're daydreaming, is known as the
default network
reminiscence bump
enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40
Inhibitory deficit
inability to tune out irrelevant information
A 58-year-old man with a waist size of 41 inches is concerned because he's just seen an online news story about metabolic syndrome, a condition he fears he has because it's defined as including:
low fasting glucose levels
The term "reserve capacity" in adult development and aging refers to the idea that:
older adults have untapped or untested abilities
Sociocultural model of driving and aging
social attitudes, availability of other transportation
what happens during a stroke
tissue death in the frontal cut-section of the brain = blood clot
In the family relationships literature, a developmental schism refers to which situation?
when parents and adult children stop valuing each other
One reason that female-female same sex marriages are more likely to end in divorce than female-male marriages is that:
women are more likely to initiate divorce if unhappy in the relationship.
scaffolding theory of memory
•According to the scaffolding theory, older adults can recruit alternate neural circuits as needed by task demands as shown by these potential routes.
reversible neurocognitive disorders
•Normal pressure hydrocephalus •Subdural hematoma •Delirium •Polypharmacy •Wernicke's disease (can progress to Korsakoff syndrome) •Pseudodementia
the useful field of view
amount of visual information a person can take in with a glance without eye or head movements
chronic bronchitis
inflammation & excess mucus
treatment for osteoporosis
medications not calcitonin dietary silicon prevention through weight-bearing exercise
According to the suffocation model of marriage, members of a couple in a long-term relationship focus too much of their attention on:
their relationship as a source of fulfillment
risk factors for chronic disease
tobacco, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity
true or false: one-third of worldwide cancer deaths are due to risk factors of: high BMI, low intake of fruits and vegetables, sedentary lifestyle, and use of tobacco and alcohol
true
Contradicting the inhibitory deficit hypothesis of aging and attention, researchers find that older adults are able to handle information if it is presented in:
two different modalities
instrumental activities of daily living
use the telephone, go shopping, prepare meals, complete housekeeping tasks, do the laundry, use private or public transportation, take medications, handle finances
Widows experience the most serious mental health outcomes when the death of their spouse:
was not anticipated
other forms of neurocognitive disorder
•Vascular neurocognitive disorder (multi-infarct dementia) •Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder •Parkinson's disease •Neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies •Pick's disease
type 2 diabetes
cells fail to respond to insulin properly; glucose accumulates outside cell
model of working memory
central executive -> phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuo-spatial scratchpad
Stroop task
if stimuli are modalities, such as auditory and visual, older adults are capable of showing levels of inhibition comparable to those of young adults
most common cancers
lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, skin, and stomach
components of scaffolding theory of memory
new learning cognitive training exercise engagement
psychosocial influences on memory
stress and depression memory self-efficacy stereotype threat
Accumulation of Information Theory
the more information that's accumulated, the longer it will take to sift through
The trolley problem, in which you must decide whether to take action to save the five or do nothing to save the one, illustrates which feature of adult cognition?
dialectical thinking
genetic theories of Alzheimer's disease
early onset cases led to the discovery of potential genetic causes the ApoE gene now thought to be involved in plaques
metabolic syndrome
high blood sugar high blood pressure low hdl (good) cholestrol high triglycerides excess fat around waist
A distressed couple is seeking marital therapy because they feel that they are on the brink of getting a divorce. The therapist works from a behavioral perspective, meaning that the couple will be asked to evaluate:
how often they engage in destructive forms of conflict resolution
forms of cancer treatment
radiation surgery chemotherapy targeted drug therapies
Lining up all the colors in a Rubik's Cube so that each side has a single color represents which stage of problem solving
reaching the end state
Memory abilities that stay stable in aging
semantic memory, flashbulb memory, implicit memory, procedural memory
targeted drug therapies
targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide, and spread
children to reach the age to match the maturity of their parents and be seen as equals
filial maturity
Health-related factors that can influence memory in older adults
smoking, diet, aerobic exercise and strength training
The investigators in a hospital-affiliated cognition and aging lab require that their assistants test older adults at certain times of the day in circadian rhythm. What are the times of day that would preferentially benefit the older adult participants?
early morning
Remembering an event from your past, such as your first day of college, falls into the category of _____________ memory
episodic
Memory abilities that decline in aging
episodic memory, source memory, false memory, retrieval memory, prospective memory
Partners are satisfied in a relationship when they feel they are getting what they deserve
equity theory
Supporting the idea that the survivors are more intellectually able than those who drop out of a longitudinal study, Canadian researchers found lower scores on measures of _____________ intelligence were related to higher mortality
fluid
neurofibrillary tangles
formed when tau disintegrates leading microtubules to become twisted and tangled
parents who smother their overly dependent children
helicopter parents
risk factors for osteoarthritis
impact and repeated use of joints overweight and obese, especially affects lower joints
What reasons could cause reduction in collisions with roundabouts?
low travel speeds, no light to beat and one-way travel
examples of normal aging
making a bad decision once in a while missing a monthly payment forgetting which day it is and remembering it later
diagnostic criteria for neurocognitive disorders
memory loss aphasia apraxia agnosia social cognition disturbances in executive functioning
protective factors against Alzheimer's disease
mental activity social support physical exercise Mediterranean diet limited alcohol
Biological model of driving and aging
mobility, strength, coordination and pain
treatment for osteoarthritis
over-the-counter pain medications exercise, geared to the individual's ability injection into joints affects replacement of joint
In the condition known as androgenic alopecia, middle-aged and older individuals experience:
patterned hair loss
Brinley plot
performance of older adults is plotted against performance by younger adults, revealing tat as the task becomes more difficult (requires more time), older adults are disproportionately slower
what is coronary heart disease caused by
plaque buildup in the wall of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
risk factors for osteoporosis
postmenopausal status white female excessive alcohol use cigarette smoking diets low in calcium, protein, minerals, vitamins sedentary lifestyle
improvement of memory in later adulthood through training
practice strategy use support during encoding ACTIVE study results on memory, reasoning, and speed training
Alzheimer's disease
problems taking care of monthly bills losing track of the date or time of year trouble having a conversation
A 79-year-old woman's exercise routine includes resistance training three times a week for an hour alternating experiences less of which particular age-related change in physical functioning?
sarcopenia
To maintain a safe working posture, researchers recommend that people whose work involves sitting at a computer:
sit at chairs with back support
A 69-year-old woman has just relocated to a town closer to where her adult children and grandchildren live. She is trying to make new friends, but she still prefers connecting with the friends from the home she just left behind. Which theory provides the best explanation for this situation?
socioemotional selectivity
Prior to administering a memory test, a research assistant informs the older adult participants that the task is particularly difficult for people 65 years of age and older. Although perhaps unintentional, the research assistant has prompted the older participants to experience
stereotype threat
psychosocial treatments for Alzheimer's disease
teach behavioral methods adhere to schedule target problematic behaviors identify when patient becomes disruptive
as plaque builds up in the arteries of a person with heart disease...
the inside of the arteries begins to narrow, which lessens or blocks the flow of blood
high blood pressure
a sign that the heart and blood vessels are being overworked disease can lead to atherosclerosis and congestive heart failure
Psychological model of driving and aging
anxiety and confusion
Tendency for couples who live together before getting engaged to be more likely to divorce should they marry.
cohabitation effect
In bottom-up problem solving, you start with the sub-problems, then work on the main components, and finally solve the overall problem
True
Default network
a circuit in the brain that is active when the brain is at rest while processing internal stimuli
An older adult experiencing changes in executive functioning would be affected in which type of everyday task?
Planning the steps needed to prepare a meal
steps older drivers can take to improve their driving
- exercise to increase strength and flexibility - avoid drug-drug interactions - vision tests - drive during daylight and good weather - find safest routes - plan route before planning - leave enough room in front - avoid distractions - consider alternatives to driving
rates of physical inactivity
50-64: 25% 65-74: 27% 75+: 35% inactivity in college-educated: 14%
age group with highest percent of new cancer cases by age
65-74
percent of worldwide cancer deaths in low and middle income countries
70%
number of deaths from cancer in 2018
9.6 million
daily acts of living is also known as:
ADL's
All children permanently depart from the home
Empty nest
A greater reliance on analytics may lead older problem solvers to make errors when approaching familiar problems.
False
The four components of scaffolding theory are engagement, exercise, cognitive training and rebuilding
False
True or False: Folic acid is recommended to reduce the risk of an older adult developing age-related problems?
False
In a word fluency task, an older adult showing signs of perseveration would give which response to the instruction to "think of as many words as you can that end in "G"?
Giving, getting, giving, giving
The first state to legalize gay marriage was:
Massachusetts
Which state in the U.S. was the first to legalize same-sex marriage?
Massachusetts
Students don't always like it when their professors ask them not to text or go on social media during class, saying it doesn't affect their comprehension of class material. However, based on the research, it's fair to say that:
everyone performs more poorly after multitasking, though older adults are more affected than young adults
In equity theory of interpersonal relationship satisfaction, you would feel happiest in relationships when you feel that the rewards of the relationship equal or exceed its costs.
false
Although she hasn't made her "famous" recipe for macaroni and cheese in years, your favorite aunt is able to put it together for a pot-luck family gathering without even having to consult her cookbook. This is an example of what type of memory, often preserved in older adults?
procedural
According to the General Slowing Hypothesis proposed by Timothy Salthouse, older people perform more slowly on reaction time tasks because they are experience changes in:
processing resources