Psych of Aging Exam 2

As pointed out in AgeFeed, which of the following is an example of using mnemonics?

Rhyming a person's name with something about the person

The greater probability of death to those who have become widowed compared to those who are married

Widowhood effect

Loci

a memory enhancement technique that combines visualization with spatial memory of familiar environments in order to quickly recall information

The phenomenon in families known as "doing gender" describes what happens when parents:

behave according to traditional gender roles

examples of chronic disease

cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic lung disease

risk factors for cancer among women

overweight and obesity

Memory Palace

the use of method of loci as a way to improve long-term memory

emphysema

damaged air sacs

activities of daily living

eating, bathing, dressing, transferring, toileting

Research on the relationship between age and performance on the Everyday Problems Test shows significant variations by:

education

The Communication Predicament Model is most closely associated with which specific feature of language directed toward older adults?

elderspeak

rotaries and roundabouts can...

help reduce accidents

treatment for diabetes

insulin, dietary changes, exercise, and avoidance of interactions with over-the-counter medications

General slowing

loss of attentional resources leads to longer times to respond

cancer causes the highest number of deaths

lung cancer

As of 2016, 39% of individuals 85 and older in the U.S. are living alone in a household

true

The type of exercise most likely to promote cognitive functioning in older adults involves functional training

True

medical treatments for Alzheimer's disease

anticholinesterase glutamate anti beta-amyloid oligomers

The part of the brain responsible for "thinking" about internally-generated stimuli, such as when you're daydreaming, is known as the

default network

reminiscence bump

enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40

Inhibitory deficit

inability to tune out irrelevant information

A 58-year-old man with a waist size of 41 inches is concerned because he's just seen an online news story about metabolic syndrome, a condition he fears he has because it's defined as including:

low fasting glucose levels

The term "reserve capacity" in adult development and aging refers to the idea that:

older adults have untapped or untested abilities

Sociocultural model of driving and aging

social attitudes, availability of other transportation

what happens during a stroke

tissue death in the frontal cut-section of the brain = blood clot

In the family relationships literature, a developmental schism refers to which situation?

when parents and adult children stop valuing each other

One reason that female-female same sex marriages are more likely to end in divorce than female-male marriages is that:

women are more likely to initiate divorce if unhappy in the relationship.

scaffolding theory of memory

•According to the scaffolding theory, older adults can recruit alternate neural circuits as needed by task demands as shown by these potential routes.

reversible neurocognitive disorders

•Normal pressure hydrocephalus •Subdural hematoma •Delirium •Polypharmacy •Wernicke's disease (can progress to Korsakoff syndrome) •Pseudodementia

the useful field of view

amount of visual information a person can take in with a glance without eye or head movements

chronic bronchitis

inflammation & excess mucus

treatment for osteoporosis

medications not calcitonin dietary silicon prevention through weight-bearing exercise

According to the suffocation model of marriage, members of a couple in a long-term relationship focus too much of their attention on:

their relationship as a source of fulfillment

risk factors for chronic disease

tobacco, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity

true or false: one-third of worldwide cancer deaths are due to risk factors of: high BMI, low intake of fruits and vegetables, sedentary lifestyle, and use of tobacco and alcohol

true

Contradicting the inhibitory deficit hypothesis of aging and attention, researchers find that older adults are able to handle information if it is presented in:

two different modalities

instrumental activities of daily living

use the telephone, go shopping, prepare meals, complete housekeeping tasks, do the laundry, use private or public transportation, take medications, handle finances

Widows experience the most serious mental health outcomes when the death of their spouse:

was not anticipated

other forms of neurocognitive disorder

•Vascular neurocognitive disorder (multi-infarct dementia) •Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder •Parkinson's disease •Neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies •Pick's disease

type 2 diabetes

cells fail to respond to insulin properly; glucose accumulates outside cell

model of working memory

central executive -> phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuo-spatial scratchpad

Stroop task

if stimuli are modalities, such as auditory and visual, older adults are capable of showing levels of inhibition comparable to those of young adults

most common cancers

lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, skin, and stomach

components of scaffolding theory of memory

new learning cognitive training exercise engagement

psychosocial influences on memory

stress and depression memory self-efficacy stereotype threat

Accumulation of Information Theory

the more information that's accumulated, the longer it will take to sift through

The trolley problem, in which you must decide whether to take action to save the five or do nothing to save the one, illustrates which feature of adult cognition?

dialectical thinking

genetic theories of Alzheimer's disease

early onset cases led to the discovery of potential genetic causes the ApoE gene now thought to be involved in plaques

metabolic syndrome

high blood sugar high blood pressure low hdl (good) cholestrol high triglycerides excess fat around waist

A distressed couple is seeking marital therapy because they feel that they are on the brink of getting a divorce. The therapist works from a behavioral perspective, meaning that the couple will be asked to evaluate:

how often they engage in destructive forms of conflict resolution

forms of cancer treatment

radiation surgery chemotherapy targeted drug therapies

Lining up all the colors in a Rubik's Cube so that each side has a single color represents which stage of problem solving

reaching the end state

Memory abilities that stay stable in aging

semantic memory, flashbulb memory, implicit memory, procedural memory

targeted drug therapies

targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide, and spread

children to reach the age to match the maturity of their parents and be seen as equals

filial maturity

Health-related factors that can influence memory in older adults

smoking, diet, aerobic exercise and strength training

The investigators in a hospital-affiliated cognition and aging lab require that their assistants test older adults at certain times of the day in circadian rhythm. What are the times of day that would preferentially benefit the older adult participants?

early morning

Remembering an event from your past, such as your first day of college, falls into the category of _____________ memory

episodic

Memory abilities that decline in aging

episodic memory, source memory, false memory, retrieval memory, prospective memory

Partners are satisfied in a relationship when they feel they are getting what they deserve

equity theory

Supporting the idea that the survivors are more intellectually able than those who drop out of a longitudinal study, Canadian researchers found lower scores on measures of _____________ intelligence were related to higher mortality

fluid

neurofibrillary tangles

formed when tau disintegrates leading microtubules to become twisted and tangled

parents who smother their overly dependent children

helicopter parents

risk factors for osteoarthritis

impact and repeated use of joints overweight and obese, especially affects lower joints

What reasons could cause reduction in collisions with roundabouts?

low travel speeds, no light to beat and one-way travel

examples of normal aging

making a bad decision once in a while missing a monthly payment forgetting which day it is and remembering it later

diagnostic criteria for neurocognitive disorders

memory loss aphasia apraxia agnosia social cognition disturbances in executive functioning

protective factors against Alzheimer's disease

mental activity social support physical exercise Mediterranean diet limited alcohol

Biological model of driving and aging

mobility, strength, coordination and pain

treatment for osteoarthritis

over-the-counter pain medications exercise, geared to the individual's ability injection into joints affects replacement of joint

In the condition known as androgenic alopecia, middle-aged and older individuals experience:

patterned hair loss

Brinley plot

performance of older adults is plotted against performance by younger adults, revealing tat as the task becomes more difficult (requires more time), older adults are disproportionately slower

what is coronary heart disease caused by

plaque buildup in the wall of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

risk factors for osteoporosis

postmenopausal status white female excessive alcohol use cigarette smoking diets low in calcium, protein, minerals, vitamins sedentary lifestyle

improvement of memory in later adulthood through training

practice strategy use support during encoding ACTIVE study results on memory, reasoning, and speed training

Alzheimer's disease

problems taking care of monthly bills losing track of the date or time of year trouble having a conversation

A 79-year-old woman's exercise routine includes resistance training three times a week for an hour alternating experiences less of which particular age-related change in physical functioning?

sarcopenia

To maintain a safe working posture, researchers recommend that people whose work involves sitting at a computer:

sit at chairs with back support

A 69-year-old woman has just relocated to a town closer to where her adult children and grandchildren live. She is trying to make new friends, but she still prefers connecting with the friends from the home she just left behind. Which theory provides the best explanation for this situation?

socioemotional selectivity

Prior to administering a memory test, a research assistant informs the older adult participants that the task is particularly difficult for people 65 years of age and older. Although perhaps unintentional, the research assistant has prompted the older participants to experience

stereotype threat

psychosocial treatments for Alzheimer's disease

teach behavioral methods adhere to schedule target problematic behaviors identify when patient becomes disruptive

as plaque builds up in the arteries of a person with heart disease...

the inside of the arteries begins to narrow, which lessens or blocks the flow of blood

high blood pressure

a sign that the heart and blood vessels are being overworked disease can lead to atherosclerosis and congestive heart failure

Psychological model of driving and aging

anxiety and confusion

Tendency for couples who live together before getting engaged to be more likely to divorce should they marry.

cohabitation effect

In bottom-up problem solving, you start with the sub-problems, then work on the main components, and finally solve the overall problem

True

Default network

a circuit in the brain that is active when the brain is at rest while processing internal stimuli

An older adult experiencing changes in executive functioning would be affected in which type of everyday task?

Planning the steps needed to prepare a meal

steps older drivers can take to improve their driving

- exercise to increase strength and flexibility - avoid drug-drug interactions - vision tests - drive during daylight and good weather - find safest routes - plan route before planning - leave enough room in front - avoid distractions - consider alternatives to driving

rates of physical inactivity

50-64: 25% 65-74: 27% 75+: 35% inactivity in college-educated: 14%

age group with highest percent of new cancer cases by age

65-74

percent of worldwide cancer deaths in low and middle income countries

70%

number of deaths from cancer in 2018

9.6 million

daily acts of living is also known as:

ADL's

All children permanently depart from the home

Empty nest

A greater reliance on analytics may lead older problem solvers to make errors when approaching familiar problems.

False

The four components of scaffolding theory are engagement, exercise, cognitive training and rebuilding

False

True or False: Folic acid is recommended to reduce the risk of an older adult developing age-related problems?

False

In a word fluency task, an older adult showing signs of perseveration would give which response to the instruction to "think of as many words as you can that end in "G"?

Giving, getting, giving, giving

The first state to legalize gay marriage was:

Massachusetts

Which state in the U.S. was the first to legalize same-sex marriage?

Massachusetts

Students don't always like it when their professors ask them not to text or go on social media during class, saying it doesn't affect their comprehension of class material. However, based on the research, it's fair to say that:

everyone performs more poorly after multitasking, though older adults are more affected than young adults

In equity theory of interpersonal relationship satisfaction, you would feel happiest in relationships when you feel that the rewards of the relationship equal or exceed its costs.

false

Although she hasn't made her "famous" recipe for macaroni and cheese in years, your favorite aunt is able to put it together for a pot-luck family gathering without even having to consult her cookbook. This is an example of what type of memory, often preserved in older adults?

procedural

According to the General Slowing Hypothesis proposed by Timothy Salthouse, older people perform more slowly on reaction time tasks because they are experience changes in:

processing resources