Psych of Ed

All of the following are considered to be better predictors of cognitive and social development outcomes later in life than experience in child care facilities except: a. the teacher-child relationship. b. parental income. c. socioeconomic Status. d. parenting practices and child temperament.

a. the teacher-child relationship.

Theories of moral reasoning are best described as being based upon _____. a. the thought processes individuals use for determining right and wrong b. the moral or immoral behaviors that individuals exhibit c. the religious beliefs expressed by an individual d. the extent to which a person cooperates with others

a. the thought processes individuals use for determining right and wrong

Ms. Siegler has students pair up to work on a book report to encourage the development of empathy and perspective-taking skills. What strategy is Ms. Siegler using? a. Interactive learning b. Cooperative learning c. Collaborative learning d. Group cognition

b. Cooperative learning

In adolescence, friendships become more based on common values and interests. Linda was invited to join a small group because Linda shares the same interest in music with other group members. This best illustrates: a. peer identity formulation process. b. peer selection process. c. peer reinforcement process. d. peer socialization process.

b. peer selection process.

The theory that proposes that we have eight independent intelligences is the _____. a. Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence b. Cattell's hierarchical theory of intelligence c. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences d. Spearman's theory of intelligence

c. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

As a group, African-American parents believe in the benefits of education as much as any other group, so they have the same achievement expectations for their children as Caucasian parents.

False

T/F: Authoritarian parenting is consistently linked with higher levels of healthy adjustment and fewer mental health and behavior problems.

False

T/F: Contrary to Kohlberg's theory, children do not appear to developmentally progress through the sequence of stages he had hypothesized, nor is his theory universal across cultures.

False

T/F: One area in which aggressive and nonaggressive children are similar is in the interpretation of cues.

False

T/F: Teachers who want to teach for multiple intelligences should use dance or mime to help students remember material.

False

T/F: The primary means of identifying students as eligible for gifted programs is parent nomination.

False

T/F: There is no connection between IQ and socioeconomic status.

False

T/F: Almost all psychologists agree that intelligence involves adaptation to the environment.

True

T/F: Children should not only be allowed but encouraged to challenge standards and social conventions in order to further their perspective-taking skills and advance their moral reasoning.

True

T/F: In adolescence, belonging to a crowd improves academic performance and enhances self-esteem.

True

T/F: Researchers who have examined the influence of increased maternal employment outside the home have found few negative effects as well as positive outcomes.

True

T/F: Younger children are more likely than older children to have a particularly hard time dealing with divorce.

True

Each of the following expresses a child's reasoning as to why hitting another person is unacceptable. Which statement is most likely to be made by a child at the conventional level of moral development? a. "My teacher says its wrong, and anyway, it's against school rules." b. "The violence and the disruption it brings don't help anybody." c. "The kid might hit you back, and anyway, you'll get in big trouble." d. "I just have a personal conviction against hurting other people."

a. "My teacher says its wrong, and anyway, it's against school rules."

Which of the following best describes the standard deviation of a test? a. A measure of how much scores stray from average b. The score that appears most often in a frequency distribution c. The number of items correctly completed d. The difference between the highest and lowest scores

a. A measure of how much scores stray from average

An 8-year-old in third grade is given an IQ test. Which of the following best describes a norm group in this situation? a. All 8-year-olds who have taken the same test. b. Special education students found eligible via this test. c. The criteria established in that state for normal third-grade performance in an IQ test. d. The individually administered group of subtests administered to this student.

a. All 8-year-olds who have taken the same test.

Which parenting style is most consistently linked to positive outcomes, such as higher levels of healthy adjustment and fewer mental health and problem behaviors? a. Authoritative b. Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Uninvolved

a. Authoritative

Which best illustrates permissive parenting? a. Becky and her parents are very close, and her parents do anything they can to show her affection, including having no real limits. b. Kaori's parents tend to be detached. They live in the same house as her, but do not really keep much track of her comings and goings. c. Mandy is very close to her parents, who provide her with set rules which she knows will be enforced. d. Fabiola's parents are very strict, but they do not seem to have much connection with her.

a. Becky and her parents are very close, and her parents do anything they can to show her affection, including having no real limits.

Before Ms. Bonds sent one of her students to the dean's office, she explained why the rule was established in the first place. What teaching strategy is Ms. Bonds utilizing? a. Clarifying developmental discipline b. Facilitating service learning c. Building a climate of trust d. Integrating moral and academic curriculum

a. Clarifying developmental discipline

In Kohlberg's theory, which is most defined by a focus on external authority, such as standards of society? a. Conventional b. Postconventional c. Preconventional d. Interconventional

a. Conventional

Which of the following best describes a method used by teachers to provide accelerated instruction for students with exceptional achievement in reading or mathematics? a. Cross-grade grouping b. Enrichment c. Peer tutoring d. Merit placement

a. Cross-grade grouping

Adam was brought to the principal for hitting his classmate Craig. When asked why he hit, he answered confidently: "Craig pushed me first!" This example best illustrates which of the following cognitive deficits? a. Externalized blame b. Mislabeling c. Minimizing d. Hostile attributional bias

a. Externalized blame

Teachers can enhance students' moral development in a variety of ways. Which of the following is not one of the strategies teachers could employ in an educational setting? a. Having moral curriculum separated from academic content to address religious issues b. Encouraging students to challenge standards and social conventions c. Encouraging students to engage in service learning such as community service d. Promoting an environment in which students feel supported and safe to express emotion

a. Having moral curriculum separated from academic content to address religious issues

Which of the following best describes the Flynn effect? a. IQ scores have increased over successive generations throughout the world. b. Quality parent-child interactions tend to increase children's IQ, particularly in higher socioeconomic groups. c. Compared to less affluent nations, stronger analytical skills are seen in affluent industrialized countries. d. The changing extent to which intelligence is genetic, as seen in heritability measures taken from parent to child over time.

a. IQ scores have increased over successive generations throughout the world.

Assume that each of the following is a student with above-average ability. Which student would Renzulli most likely identify as gifted? Assume that each of the following is a student with above-average ability. Which student would Renzulli most likely identify as gifted? a. Ivan has superior aptitude, perseveres on tasks, and generates many creative ideas. b. Camille is extremely talented as a pianist and can recreate almost any musical piece she has heard before. c. Akiko thinks abstractly and is bored on almost all tasks presented to her. d. Morena has a high level of cognitive ability and achieves high scores on IQ tests.

a. Ivan has superior aptitude, perseveres on tasks, and generates many creative ideas.

Which best describes the control dimension of parenting practice? a. Limits and discipline b. Organization and orderliness c. Timeliness, aptness, and suitability d. Affection, acceptance, and caring

a. Limits and discipline

Which best illustrates a self-fulfilling prophecy? a. Ms. Winifred expects all children of divorce to have poor achievement, and that expectation changes her behavior toward those children in ways that make it more likely to come true. b. Deidre is from a family that recently divorced, and because there is a relationship between divorce and lowered achievement, she may be at risk for lowered achievement. c. Ms. Doyle knows that older children are particularly at risk for experiencing difficulties following remarriage. d. Benjamin has supporting relationships from adults such as teachers and coaches following his divorce, decreasing the likelihood that he will have difficulties.

a. Ms. Winifred expects all children of divorce to have poor achievement, and that expectation changes her behavior toward those children in ways that make it more likely to come true.

In Piaget's two-stage cognitive moral development theory, moral realism is similar to which of the following stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning? a. Punishment/obedience b. Naive hedonistic c. Interpersonal authority d. Morality of individual principles

a. Punishment/obedience

Which of the following is the best strategy for how teachers can help advance the moral development of their students? a. Requiring each student to volunteer two hours per week at the local nursing home b. Maintaining a serious, professional manner at all times in order to let students know who is in charge c. Allowing students to challenge the teacher's position on controversial issues discussed in the curriculum d. Limiting interaction among students, as they will negatively influence each other's behaviors

a. Requiring each student to volunteer two hours per week at the local nursing home

Which of the following behaviors has been suggested to be an indicator of developing empathy in early childhood? a. Sharing b. Teasing c. Playing d. Laughing

a. Sharing

The theory that describes analytical, creative, and practical abilities working together to help us do well in life is the _____. a. Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence b. Cattell's hierarchical theory of intelligence c. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences d. Spearman's theory of intelligence

a. Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence

Which best illustrates a student's chronosystem? a. Teresa has been growing and changing over the past five years, and so are elements within her community, which impact her differently now than they did before. b. Barry is in close contact on an almost daily basis with his family, neighborhood friends, and school. c. Alonso is Hispanic and from a low-income family and, as a result, has substandard and crowded housing in his neighborhood in which traditional beliefs and customs of Mexico are held. d. Mick's home is often an unsettling place because of the influence of his mother's stressful workplace situation.

a. Teresa has been growing and changing over the past five years, and so are elements within her community, which impact her differently now than they did before.

Though all may or may not be present in a divorce situation, which is believed to be least likely to contribute to the difficulties surrounding divorce for children? a. The structural change of the parents living apart b. Decreases in family economics c. Disorganized parenting practices d. High levels of family conflict

a. The structural change of the parents living apart

Which of the following is NOT a common trait of students who are gifted? a. They are often dependent learners who need oversight by teachers in order to complete work. b. They usually master knowledge or skills in a particular domain earlier than their peers. c. They possess high levels of interest and usually have an internal drive to learn and master topics within their area of giftedness. d. They commonly seek out challenging tasks.

a. They are often dependent learners who need oversight by teachers in order to complete work.

Which of the following best describes curriculum compacting? a. Using a pretest to evaluate a student's existing knowledge of content for a unit, and only teaching material on the objectives not met by the student. b. Skipping grades or keeping students with same-age peers for most subjects while providing instruction above grade level in others. c. Gifted students tutor their peers on content or skills that they have mastered. d. Developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills by providing activities to broaden and deepen knowledge beyond the regular curriculum.

a. Using a pretest to evaluate a student's existing knowledge of content for a unit, and only teaching material on the objectives not met by the student.

According to multiple intelligences theory, it is most accurate to say that individuals have separate intelligences and _____. a. are gifted if they have certain strengths among their many abilities, which lead them to rapidly move through an intelligence-related domain b. are gifted if their several specific skills of fluid intelligence are used to successfully increase their crystallized intelligence c. are gifted if they use their analytical, creative, and practical abilities to turn experiences into successful outcomes d. are gifted in areas in which they take the contents of a problem, use the correct mental operations, and create the optimal products needed to solve the problem

a. are gifted if they have certain strengths among their many abilities, which lead them to rapidly move through an intelligence-related domain

Mr. Coltrane tests Antonia's skills before delivering the next math unit so that he will only cover the material for objectives Antonia has not already mastered. Mr. Coltrane is implementing _____. a. curriculum compacting b. fortification c. enrichment d. acceleration

a. curriculum compacting

Empathy is best defined as the ability to _____. a. experience the feelings of another person b. express concern for another person's emotional state c. have loyalty or allegiance to other people d. share your feelings with another person

a. experience the feelings of another person

Children who have parents who explain why they are being disciplined and how to avoid disciplinary actions tend to have ______. a. higher levels of empathy and social responsibility b. lower levels of empathy and higher levels of social responsibility c. higher levels of empathy and lower levels of social responsibility d. lower levels of empathy and social responsibility

a. higher levels of empathy and social responsibility

Socioeconomic Status is considered to be a part of an individual's ______. a. macrosystem b. microsystem c. chronosystem d. exosystem

a. macrosystem

Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory includes in its model the terms _____. a. mesosystem, exosystem, and chronosystem b. primary systems, secondary systems, and tertiary systems c. family system, peer system, and school system d. internal system, peripheral system, and external system

a. mesosystem, exosystem, and chronosystem

In early childhood, friendships tend to be based upon: a. moment-to-moment interactions. b. complex interests, such as achievement and attitudes toward school. c. parent-guided selections. d. stable, similar qualities, such as common interests.

a. moment-to-moment interactions.

Induction, nurturance, demandingness, and modeling are best described as _____. a. parenting strategies that may help advance moral development b. stages in the development of empathy c. levels of development of perspective taking d. factors that cause development of aggression

a. parenting strategies that may help advance moral development

General fluid intelligence is best described as our _____. a. potential for learning, resulting from general abilities to reason, think, and learn new things b. biologically determined capabilities, resulting from our genetics c. overall pool of knowledge, resulting from formal and informal education d. ability to apply what we have learned to new contexts

a. potential for learning, resulting from general abilities to reason, think, and learn new things

Peer relationships may not last if there is a lack of ______. a. reciprocity b. demandingness c. reasoning d. justice

a. reciprocity

The main difference in the nature of moral reasoning between the two stages of Piaget's theory is best described as _____. a. rigid versus flexible b. religious versus personal c. reward versus punishment d. chaos versus law

a. rigid versus flexible

Teachers often form various types of expectations based on a students' characteristics. Teacher expectations based on students' socioeconomic status (SES) have an influence on students' IQ scores. The rationale behind such influence is that _____. a. teachers' expectations about low-SES students lead to self-fulfilling prophecies b. teachers' low expectations about low-SES students influence the grading of the IQ test c. teachers' high expectations about high-SES students result in the depression of low SES students d. teachers' stereotypes about student performance negatively affect students' performance in the test

a. teachers' expectations about low-SES students lead to self-fulfilling prophecies

Ms. Stilton is teaching a history unit on the American Civil War. In some lessons she requires students to engage in debate where they have to compare and contrast points of view and evaluate the arguments of those on each side of the conflict. In other lessons, students are given novel tasks, including creating a model of a key battlefield and writing diary entries of Abraham Lincoln at key periods during the war. Finally, she has students apply their knowledge to real situations, such as describing what lessons from the war might be relevant to resolving problems seen in the world today. It is most likely that the teacher is _____. a. teaching for successful intelligence b. targeting student linguistic intelligence c. teaching for multiple intelligences d. using a two-factor theory of intelligence

a. teaching for successful intelligence

Caroline is considering donating her savings to support rebuilding in Haiti. Assume she has a self-reflective empathetic orientation of prosocial thinking. Which of the following is she most likely to say? a. "I will donate my savings because the people need it." b. "I feel so bad for them and I would want someone to help me if I were them." c. "My teacher will praise me if I donate all of my savings." d. "I went there and I like that place, so I am willing to help."

b. "I feel so bad for them and I would want someone to help me if I were them."

Each of the following expresses a child's reasoning as to why cheating is wrong. Which statement is most likely to be made by a child at the preconventional level of moral development? a. "My teacher said you're just cheating yourself and need to do your own work." b. "You might get caught and be punished." c. "It's against school policy." d. "It does not make the world a better place; it hurts people and makes things chaotic."

b. "You might get caught and be punished."

According to recent research, prosocial behavior tends to decrease during what years of an individual's life? a. 7-12 b. 13-17 c. 18-22 d. 2-6

b. 13-17

Research has shown that African-American parents attend less school functions than ______ parents? a. Asian-American b. Caucasian-American c. Latino-American d. Pacific Islander-American

b. Caucasian-American

Which of the following best describes the relationship between socioeconomic status and IQ? a. Children from higher SES families tend to have the same IQs as children from lower SES families. b. Children from higher SES families tend to have higher IQs than children from lower SES families. c. Low socioeconomic status is one environmental factor that causes low IQ. d. Children from lower SES families have lower IQ scores but improve their IQ once they enter school.

b. Children from higher SES families tend to have higher IQs than children from lower SES families.

Which best describes the sleeper effect? a. Children whose parents are high in control yet poor in responsiveness tend to have increasing difficulties as they get older. b. Children whose parents have been divorced for many years may encounter difficulties again during adolescence. c. Children neglected by their peers when young are increasingly likely to be rejected as they get older. d. The predetermined beliefs that we have about others tend to come true over time as a result of our behaviors arising from those beliefs

b. Children whose parents have been divorced for many years may encounter difficulties again during adolescence.

Children and adolescents who are considered popular have which characteristics? a. Exhibit socially appropriate behaviors but not aggressive behaviors b. Exhibit socially appropriate behaviors but may or may not exhibit aggression c. Exhibit socially appropriate behaviors and aggressive behaviors d. Research has not determined the characteristics related to peer statuses

b. Exhibit socially appropriate behaviors but may or may not exhibit aggression

Which of the following best describes the relationship between learning disabilities and giftedness? a. By definition, a student cannot be both learning disabled and gifted at the same time. b. Giftedness may be masked by learning disabilities, making students appear to have average abilities when they do not. c. Students with learning disabilities often have savant characteristics that make them particularly excel in specific areas. d. Students with giftedness often have learning disabilities in highly specific nonacademic domains, such as interpersonal or bodily-kinesthetic abilities.

b. Giftedness may be masked by learning disabilities, making students appear to have average abilities when they do not.

Which best illustrates demandingness and modeling? a. Etsu increasingly engages in bullying behavior, increasing the likelihood that others who see the behavior will begin to behave similarly. b. Greg's parents have high standards for his behavior and they "practice what they preach" by being good examples of moral conduct. c. Armando's teacher sometimes gives in to his challenging behavior, making him more likely to have poor sociomoral development. d. Martha's parents have very rigid discipline and poor social and emotional connection with her.

b. Greg's parents have high standards for his behavior and they "practice what they preach" by being good examples of moral conduct.

Which best illustrates uninvolved parenting? a. Becky and her parents are very close, and her parents do anything they can to show her affection, including having no real limits. b. Kaori's parents tend to be detached. They live in the same house as her, but do not really keep much track of her comings and goings. c. Mandy is very close to her parents, who provide her with set rules which she knows will be enforced. d. Fabiola's parents are very strict, but they do not seem to have much connection with her.

b. Kaori's parents tend to be detached. They live in the same house as her, but do not really keep much track of her comings and goings.

The individuals most closely associated with theories of moral reasoning are _____. a. Kohlberg and Vygotsky b. Kohlberg and Piaget c. Erikson and Piaget d. Piaget and Vygotsky

b. Kohlberg and Piaget

Which of the following illustrates relational aggression? a. Michael punched a classmate over a quarrel. b. Melissa felt she was excluded from her old group of friends. c. Melissa threw a tantrum in class because one of her classmates broke a pencil. d. Michael told his friends that he does not want to play sports with them anymore.

b. Melissa felt she was excluded from her old group of friends.

In Bronfenbrenners's bioecological theory of human development, family and school interact to affect children's development. This interaction falls into which of the following? a. Microsystem b. Mesosystem c. Exosystem d. Chronosystem

b. Mesosystem

Which of the following is the best description of what occurs when IQ test scores are used as the main criterion for giftedness? a. Students with creative and practical talents are usually recognized. b. Minority students and those from impoverished backgrounds are overlooked. c. Girls tend to be over identified as gifted in language. d. A fair and objective identification will occur in most instances.

b. Minority students and those from impoverished backgrounds are overlooked.

In Kohlberg's theory, which is most defined by a reference to an internal authority, such as personal conviction? a. Conventional b. Postconventional c. Preconventional d. Interconventional

b. Postconventional

Which stage or level of Kohlberg's theory most closely resembles a hedonistic orientation in Eisenberg's theory? a. Caring orientation b. Preconventional c. Mutual role taking d. Justice orientation

b. Preconventional

Which of the following best describes acceleration? a. Using a pretest to evaluate a student's existing knowledge of content for a unit, and only teaching material on the objectives not met by the student. b. Skipping grades or keeping students with same-age peers for most subjects while providing instruction above grade level in others. c. Gifted students tutor their peers on content or skills that they have mastered. d. Developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills by providing activities to broaden and deepen knowledge beyond the regular curriculum.

b. Skipping grades or keeping students with same-age peers for most subjects while providing instruction above grade level in others.

Which best illustrates perceived popularity? a. Teachers nominate which children they think belong to each clique or crowd. b. Students nominate which peers they think are the most "cool" or popular and those who are least popular. c. Teachers nominate which children they think are most liked and disliked among their peers. d. Students nominate which peers they most like and most dislike.

b. Students nominate which peers they think are the most "cool" or popular and those who are least popular.

John Park is an eighth grader. He moved from South Korea to the United States with his parents several years ago. He studies very hard compared to his American peers because he has always been told by his parents that efforts and hard work will bring success. What does this example best illustrate? a. The impact of socioeconomic status on development b. The impact of cultural values on development c. The impact of mesosystem on development d. The impact of peer context on development

b. The impact of cultural values on development

Which best describes the relationship between empathy and perspective taking? a. To have perspective-taking abilities, you must have empathy. b. To have empathy, you must have perspective-taking abilities. c. Empathy and perspective taking are terms for the same thing. d. There is no established relationship between the two.

b. To have empathy, you must have perspective-taking abilities.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the theory of successful intelligence? a. One part of our intellect helps us reason, think, and learn new things, while the other part consists of our overall knowledge base obtained through our experiences. b. We balance our abilities to create, problem solve, and apply knowledge to real-life situations by adapting to, shaping, and selecting our environments to best succeed in life. c. We have 180 distinct intellectual abilities, which consist of the interaction of different contents, operations, and products used to succeed in any given problem-solving situation. d. We have independent parts of our intellects that interact during activities.

b. We balance our abilities to create, problem solve, and apply knowledge to real-life situations by adapting to, shaping, and selecting our environments to best succeed in life.

Parents who have high levels of control over their children with strictly enforced rules yet lack emotional connectedness such that they might be perceived as inflexible dictators are best described as _____. a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. permissive d. uninvolved

b. authoritarian

Gender differences in IQ scores are _____. a. attributed more to genetics than environment b. considered to be very small c. larger today than in earlier studies d. only found in middle school

b. considered to be very small

A second-grade student goes to the fourth-grade class for reading and math instruction. This is best called _____. a. enhanced content instruction b. cross-grade grouping c. curriculum compacting d. enrichment

b. cross-grade grouping

Researchers generally believe that differences in IQ scores between racial groups occur primarily as a result of _____. a. cultural biases inherent in most standardized tests b. different experiences in and out of school due to SES c. natural abilities of the various groups d. nothing because there are no differences

b. different experiences in and out of school due to SES

The characteristics that usually identify as student as rejected include displays of aggressive behaviors and _____. a. low academic achievement b. few displays of social skills and cooperation c. lack of belonging to a clique or crowd d. being neglected

b. few displays of social skills and cooperation

When using IQ tests to identify students for special services or programs, ______ tests are preferred. a. paper and pencil b. individually administered c. criterion referenced d. group-administered

b. individually administered

As an adolescent, belonging to a crowd is most likely to _____. a. increase the likelihood that a student will have high self-esteem b. label one in a way that provides a basis for identity development c. increase a student's status with other adolescents d. improve academic performance

b. label one in a way that provides a basis for identity development

Quality child care is considered a part of a child's ______. a. macrosystem b. microsystem c. exosystem d. chronosystem

b. microsystem

The immediate environment surrounding an individual is his or her _____. a. exosystem b. microsystem c. macrosystem d. mesosystem

b. microsystem

Students who are neither liked nor disliked and do not exhibit aggressive behaviors are categorized as ______. a. permissive youth b. neglected youth c. popular youth d. rejected youth

b. neglected youth

In the two-factor theory of intelligence, "g" is our _____. a. overall knowledge base resulting from formal and informal education b. overall ability to perform in a variety of cognitive tasks c. common-sense reasoning ability d. specific abilities, such as vocabulary and mathematical skills

b. overall ability to perform in a variety of cognitive tasks

It is most accurate to say that the main purpose of IQ tests, when given to children, is to _____. a. determine whether they meet required cutoffs to attend public schools b. predict school achievement c. understand deficiencies that may prevent them from succeeding in inclusion settings d. offer a prognosis about their later success in life

b. predict school achievement

Renzulli's approach to giftedness is called the _____ conception of giftedness. a. primary abilities b. three-ring c. multiple intelligences d. triarchic

b. three-ring

A child at Stage 2—Self-Reflective Role Taking of Selman's theory of perspective-taking development—is most likely to say _____. a. "I'm mad so everybody else is mad!" b. "He's sad, but I am happy I got the last piece of cake." c. "She will be mad if I cut in line." d. "I can see why Bill thinks that Sean was mean, and why Sean thinks Bill was mean, and why each thinks the other owes him an apology."

c. "She will be mad if I cut in line."

What percentage of eighth graders reported experiencing bullying in middle school in Barone's 1997 study? a. 16% b. 26% c. 60% d. 80%

c. 60%

Which best illustrates a student's macrosystem? a. Teresa has been growing and changing over the past five years, and so are elements within her community, which impact her differently now than they did before. b. Barry is in close contact on an almost daily basis with his family, neighborhood friends, and school. c. Alonso is Hispanic and from a low-income family and, as a result, has substandard and crowded housing in his neighborhood in which traditional beliefs and customs of Mexico are held. d. Mick's home is often an unsettling place because of the influence of his mother's stressful workplace situation.

c. Alonso is Hispanic and from a low-income family and, as a result, has substandard and crowded housing in his neighborhood in which traditional beliefs and customs of Mexico are held.

Assume that each situation described involves a member of a minority group. Which best illustrates stereotype threat? a. Ryan is being given an intelligence test by a school psychologist who has unconscious biases, making it more likely that the results will be an underestimate of Ryan's actual ability. b. Courtney's mother had a low IQ and her grandmother had a low IQ, making it more likely that, due to heredity, Courtney will also have a low IQ. c. Being told that the test he is about to take is an intelligence test, Lawrence unconsciously recalls that his group is supposed to do poorly on such tests, so now he may perform significantly worse. d. Kathee does not want to be perceived as an "egghead" by her friends, so she deliberately underperforms on her intelligence test.

c. Being told that the test he is about to take is an intelligence test, Lawrence unconsciously recalls that his group is supposed to do poorly on such tests, so now he may perform significantly worse.

At the beginning of the year, Mr. Umanzor always gives a speech to his class highlighting that his classroom is a place where his students should be able to freely express their emotions. What teaching strategy is Mr. Umanzor utilizing? a. Clarifying developmental discipline b. Facilitating service learning c. Building a climate of trust d. Integrating moral and academic curriculum

c. Building a climate of trust

Parental employment indirectly influences children's development. Which of the following is most true? a. We should encourage both-parent employment because it is related to a number of positive child outcomes such as higher achievement in school and higher IQ scores. b. We should not encourage both-parent employment because it decreases the quality time parents spend with their children. c. High levels of job stress and dissatisfaction among parents may influence parenting practices and further influence children's academic achievement. d. Parental employment is an important component of students' mesosystem.

c. High levels of job stress and dissatisfaction among parents may influence parenting practices and further influence children's academic achievement.

Which is a positive outcome seen in children of mothers employed outside of the household? a. Improved self-regulation b. Decreased overt and relational aggression c. Higher academic achievement and higher achievement aspirations among girls d. None of the above; no positive results have been found

c. Higher academic achievement and higher achievement aspirations among girls

Which of the following was the primary means by which students have historically been identified as gifted? a. Teacher nomination b. Student folio analysis c. IQ tests scores d. Academic achievement test scores

c. IQ tests scores

Which of the following most accurately depicts an application of Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence? a. Teachers should deemphasize memory-based instruction because emphasis on factual knowledge recall can undermine success. b. Learning should consistently be assessed by essay or other written methods when possible. c. Instruction should be balanced so that over the course of a unit, students are exposed to lessons that emphasize analytical, creative, and practical abilities. d. Teachers should avoid repetition and other activities that promote automaticity of information-processing skills, in order to foster creativity.

c. Instruction should be balanced so that over the course of a unit, students are exposed to lessons that emphasize analytical, creative, and practical abilities.

Which best illustrates authoritative parenting? a. Becky and her parents are very close, and her parents do anything they can to show her affection, including having no real limits. b. Kaori's parents tend to be detached. They live in the same house as her, but do not really keep much track of her comings and goings. c. Mandy is very close to her parents, who provide her with set rules which she knows will be enforced. d. Fabiola's parents are very strict, but they do not seem to have much connection with her.

c. Mandy is very close to her parents, who provide her with set rules which she knows will be enforced.

Which of the following best describes the approach to the identification of giftedness that is supported by current research? a. Emphasis on IQ scores b. Portfolio analysis c. Multidimensional d. Teacher-nomination

c. Multidimensional

Johnson is a middle school student. He tells his parents he will attend a party at a friend's house with no parental supervision. Although they are worried about it, Johnson's parents ultimately approved his request, in order not to let Johnson down. This scenario best illustrates which of the following? a. Authoritative parenting b. Authoritarian parenting c. Permissive parenting d. Uninvolved parenting

c. Permissive parenting

Which is the best example of overt aggression? a. Spreading nasty rumors to damage somebody's reputation b. Keeping feelings of hurt and betrayal deep inside yourself c. Physically hurting somebody d. Joining a gang

c. Physically hurting somebody

In Kohlberg's theory, which is most defined by an egocentric, self-interested view of right and wrong? a. Conventional b. Postconventional c. Preconventional d. Interconventional

c. Preconventional

As teachers, we should attempt to foster friendship among peers early in students' development and continue to support peer-group formation throughout adolescence. Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits? a. Promotes social skills b. Promotes identity formation c. Promotes academic intrinsic motivation d. Promotes academic achievement

c. Promotes academic intrinsic motivation

Which of the following would a teenager with a sociomoral developmental delay be most likely to do? a. Interpret the intentions of others in a positive light, even when harm was the intent b. Make decisions about morality based upon whether others would approve of the behavior c. See themselves as the victim and view their harmful behavior as less serious than it actually is d. Have empathy-based guilt caused by misinterpretation of the feelings of others

c. See themselves as the victim and view their harmful behavior as less serious than it actually is

Which of the following is considered a component of quality child care? a. Unsupportive interactions b. Authoritarian style practices c. Warm interactions d. Strict environment

c. Warm interactions

According to the theory of successful intelligence, it is most accurate to say that individuals _____. a. are gifted if they have certain strengths among their many abilities, which lead them to rapidly move through an intelligence-related domain b. are gifted if their several specific skills of fluid intelligence are used to successfully increase their crystallized intelligence c. are gifted if they use their analytical, creative, and practical abilities to turn experiences into successful outcomes d. are gifted in areas in which they take the contents of a problem, use the correct mental operations, and create the optimal products needed to solve the problem

c. are gifted if they use their analytical, creative, and practical abilities to turn experiences into successful outcomes

An individual moving through Selman's perspective-taking stages would _____. a. understand that physical objects outside their view can still be seen by others b. become more focused on their own thoughts and feelings c. become more focused on other people's thoughts and feelings d. understand that helping someone else will result in less guilt

c. become more focused on other people's thoughts and feelings

One key aspect of Gilligan's perspective, as contrasts with Kohlberg's, might best be labeled _____. a. morality versus revenge b. perspective versus egocentrism c. caring versus justice d. minority versus majority

c. caring versus justice

The broad dimensions of parenting practices are_____. a. reward and punishment b. organization and management c. control and responsiveness d. involvement and attachment

c. control and responsiveness

Jaylen completes his reading assignment on cowboys early each day; while the rest of the children finish that work, he researches pioneer life for an independent project. This is best described as _____. a. curriculum compacting b. fortification c. enrichment d. acceleration

c. enrichment

According to Sternberg's theory, teachers can recognize the intellectual potential of culturally and socioeconomically diverse students by _____. a. providing a greater focus on analytical skills in their curriculum b. recognizing the way that multiple intelligences interact in any given learning situation c. including creative and practical abilities in their conception of intelligence d. giving culturally fair IQ tests in a student's preferred language

c. including creative and practical abilities in their conception of intelligence

In Eisenberg's theory, the highest level is _____ orientation. a. interpersonal b. needs c. internalized d. postconventional

c. internalized

It is most accurate to say that an individual's level of intelligence _____. a. is mostly predetermined by genetics and biology b. is determined primarily by the environment and experiences of the individual c. is a product of an interaction of heredity and environment d. is equally determined by heredity and environment

c. is a product of an interaction of heredity and environment

Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development differs from Lawrence Kohlberg's theory in that it proposes that _____. a. most people use justice and caring to determine right and wrong b. men exhibit more rapid moral development than women c. men and women differ in their moral orientations d. moral development should focus more on a human rights

c. men and women differ in their moral orientations

It is most true that students with close friendships tend to have _____. a. slightly lower academic performance b. higher intelligence c. more self-confidence d. families with permissive styles of parenting

c. more self-confidence

General crystallized intelligence is best described as our _____. a. potential for learning, resulting from general abilities to reason, think, and learn new things b. biologically determined capabilities, resulting from our genetics c. overall pool of knowledge, resulting from formal and informal education d. ability to apply what we have learned to new contexts

c. overall pool of knowledge, resulting from formal and informal education

Unlike other theorists, Eisenberg's theory of prosocial moral reasoning focuses on _____. a. egocentrism b. moral realism c. positive justice d. revenge

c. positive justice

Bobby sees Jennifer copy an answer from another student on a test. Bobby reasons, "Well, it's OK for her to do that because she got away with it—the teacher wasn't looking." The moral reasoning stage reflected by Bobby is _____. a. conventional b. nonconventional c. preconventional d. postconventional

c. preconventional

In moral realism, children believe that right and wrong are determined by _____. a. certain situations allow rules to be bent b. religious beliefs of their community c. the consequences of behavior as administered by adults d. personal convictions about right and wrong

c. the consequences of behavior as administered by adults

A child whose moral reasoning is at a stage in which egocentrism is a key characteristic would be most likely to say _____. a. "is it against the rules?" b. "is society better off because of it?" c. "what will my parents think?" d. "what's in it for me?"

d. "what's in it for me?"

Ms. Kacey is a single parent who works a full-time job. She has decided to look for a child care facility to put her child in. Which of the following characteristics should Ms. Kacey look for to ensure she chose a quality care facility? a. A large facility because having more children enrolled means they are more successful than other facilities. b. A facility that does not cost a lot of money because she should save it so that she does not have to work as much. c. A place that has high turnover rates for their teachers so that her child can be exposed to many different teaching styles. d. A facility that is very stable and has certified child care professionals.

d. A facility that is very stable and has certified child care professionals.

Which best defines prosocial behavior? a. Actions publicly engaged in b. Actions that comply with the rules of society c. Actions intended to benefit ourselves d. Actions intended to benefit others

d. Actions intended to benefit others

Which best describes the responsiveness dimension of parenting practice? a. Limits and discipline b. Organization and orderliness c. Timeliness, aptness, and suitability d. Affection, acceptance, and caring

d. Affection, acceptance, and caring

Which of the following best describes a self-fulfilling prophecy? a. A belief that a teacher has about a student that is later proven to be true b. A teacher who avoids making assumptions that negatively affect students c. An assumption that a teacher makes which is later proven to be false d. An expectation that leads the teacher to act in ways that make the expectation come true

d. An expectation that leads the teacher to act in ways that make the expectation come true

Divorce can have a variety of negative effects on children. Which of the following best illustrates the effects of disorganized parenting practices? a. Dan moved to a poorer neighborhood with his mom after his parents' divorce. b. Dan felt guilty of the frequent conflict between his parents and thought it must be his fault. c. Dan's mother had to work longer hours in order to earn a second income to support the family. d. Dan was worried about which parent was going to pick him up after school because both of them did not show up for several times.

d. Dan was worried about which parent was going to pick him up after school because both of them did not show up for several times.

Which of the following best describes enrichment? a. Using a pretest to evaluate a student's existing knowledge of content for a unit, and only teaching material on the objectives not met by the student. b. Skipping grades, or keeping students with same-age peers for most subjects while providing instruction above grade level in others. c. Gifted students tutor their peers on content or skills that they have mastered. d. Developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills by providing activities to broaden and deepen knowledge beyond the regular curriculum.

d. Developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills by providing activities to broaden and deepen knowledge beyond the regular curriculum.

Which best describes a suitable guideline for applying multiple intelligences theory? a. Every lesson should be taught eight ways. b. Dance or mime can be used to help students remember material from a lesson. c. Musical intelligence should be promoted by playing background music during learning activities. d. Knowledge about differences should be shared with students and parents.

d. Knowledge about differences should be shared with students and parents.

Which most accurately describes characteristics of cliques? a. They tend to form when members express negative attitudes toward school and find common interest in nonschool activities. b. They tend to reflect diverse, complementary characteristics, such as a range of high and low achievement. c. They tend to have increasingly overt aggression toward individuals outside the clique. d. Members are very similar in demographics such as age, SES, race, and shared activities.

d. Members are very similar in demographics such as age, SES, race, and shared activities.

Which best illustrates a student's exosystem? a. Teresa has been growing and changing over the past five years, and so are elements within her community, which impact her differently now than they did before. b. Barry is in close contact on an almost daily basis with his family, neighborhood friends, and school. c. Alonso is Hispanic and from a low-income family and, as a result, has substandard and crowded housing in his neighborhood in which traditional beliefs and customs of Mexico are held. d. Mick's home is often an unsettling place because of the influence of his mother's stressful workplace situation.

d. Mick's home is often an unsettling place because of the influence of his mother's stressful workplace situation.

In the responses to the classic Heinz dilemma, a boy stated that what Heinz did is not wrong because he did it to save his wife's life. The boy is most likely to be in which of the following stages? a. Punishment/obedience b. Interpersonal authority c. Social authority d. Morality of social contract

d. Morality of social contract

Research on the increasing numbers of mothers employed outside of the household has consistently found which negative results in their children? a. Decreased academic achievement, particularly in reading b. Increased levels of delinquency c. Decreased social skills d. None of the above; no negative results have been found

d. None of the above; no negative results have been found

According to Eisenberg, which best explains why older children and girls are more likely to have higher levels of prosocial reasoning and behavior? a. Approval orientation b. Consequences and reinforcement c. Personal values d. Perspective-taking and empathy

d. Perspective-taking and empathy

Which of the following theorists believed that interaction between peers is important in the development of cognitive moral reasoning? a. Eisenberg and Gilligan b. Piaget and Eisenberg c. Kohlberg and Gilligan d. Piaget and Kohlberg

d. Piaget and Kohlberg

Which of the following approach to identification of gifted students would Renzulli most agree with? a. Schools avoid using test scores, emphasizing evaluations of student talent as displayed in performance portfolios. b. Schools place a primary emphasis on test scores, particularly standardized IQ and achievement scores but also scores aligned to local curricular standards. c. A school uses multiple teacher nominations for any given student, in conjunction with a personality test. d. Schools use several criteria, including test scores and teacher nominations, and alternative criteria, such as portfolios and tests of creativity.

d. Schools use several criteria, including test scores and teacher nominations, and alternative criteria, such as portfolios and tests of creativity.

Which best illustrates how sociometric popularity is measured? a. Teachers nominate which children they think belong to each clique or crowd. b. Students nominate which peers they think are the most "cool" or popular and those who are least popular. c. Teachers nominate which children they think are most liked and disliked among their peers. d. Students nominate which peers they most like and most dislike.

d. Students nominate which peers they most like and most dislike.

Mr. Smith lived in a two-parent home during the great depression era. His father worked at a bakery and his mother stayed at home and took care of him and his two sisters. Which of the following would be considered part of Mr. Smith's chronosystem? a. The bakery his father worked at. b. His two sisters. c. The home he lived in. d. The great depression era.

d. The great depression era.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the theory of multiple intelligences? a. One part of our intellect helps us reason, think, and learn new things, while the other part consists of our overall knowledge base obtained through our experiences. b. We balance our abilities to create, problem solve, and apply knowledge to real-life situations by adapting to, shaping, and selecting our environments to best succeed in life. c. We have 180 distinct intellectual abilities, which consist of the interaction of different contents, operations, and products used to succeed in any given problem-solving situation. d. We have independent parts of our intellects that interact during activities.

d. We have independent parts of our intellects that interact during activities.

Having completed third grade, Damien's parents want him to skip directly to fifth grade. This is best described as _____. a. curriculum compacting b. fortification c. enrichment d. acceleration

d. acceleration

The two-step process of cognitive moral development proposes stages of moral realism and morality of _____. a. intentions b. conventions c. selectivity d. cooperation

d. cooperation

Parental employment has a(an) ______ effect on academic achievement. a. direct b. small c. positive d. indirect

d. indirect

When identifying students for gifted programs, educators often emphasize _____ giftedness but overlook _____ giftedness. a. academic; musical b. intellectual-internal; practical c. visual; auditory d. schoolhouse; creative-productive

d. schoolhouse; creative-productive

In later childhood and early adolescence, friendships tend to be based upon _____. a. moment-to-moment interactions b. complex interests such as achievement and attitudes toward school c. parent-guided selections d. stable, similar qualities, such as common interests

d. stable, similar qualities, such as common interests