Psych Practice #3

Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.

shorter; REM

Depending on the definition used for insomnia, its prevalence ranges from _______ in the adult population.

10% to 40%

Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.

50

Nightmares are associated with _______ sleep.

REM

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.

REM

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.

REM

In the U.S., evidence that daylight affects human circadian rhythms is supported by the observation that even though everyone's time keepers (clocks, phone) report the same time, people in the western part of the time zone go to bed _______ people in the in eastern part of the time zone.

a bit later than

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are

a little more than 24 hours long

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except

a strengthened immune system

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

abolish

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.

about 20

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except

an abundance of REM sleep

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

awakening

If a hamster is kept in a laboratory and receives no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), its rhythms will eventually _______, with a daily cycle that lasts a bit longer than 24 hours.

become free-running

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience

better academic performance

Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?

brain rest

Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of SWS and REM sleep may be related to the

consolidation of perceptual learning

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of

improving long-term retention

The human menstrual cycle provides an example of a(n) _______ rhythm, because it repeats less than once per day.

infradian

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during the _______ of a night's sleep.

initial half

What is the primary evolutionary benefit of a circadian rhythm?

it allows an animal to anticipate an important natural event and adjust its behavior accordingly

Which statement about fatal familial insomnia is false?

it is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by

large-amplitude delta waves

If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will

match animals A's rhythm

Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called

night terrors

In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show

phase shift

The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the

reticular formation

It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of

sleep apnea

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.

stage 3

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.

stage 3

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.

stage 3

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by

sustained SWS

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of

sustained sleep

The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

the immediate onset of REM

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.

tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

up to 40 minutes

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a

zeitgeber

The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)

zeitgeber