Psych Practice #3
Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.
shorter; REM
Depending on the definition used for insomnia, its prevalence ranges from _______ in the adult population.
10% to 40%
Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.
50
Nightmares are associated with _______ sleep.
REM
Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.
REM
The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.
REM
In the U.S., evidence that daylight affects human circadian rhythms is supported by the observation that even though everyone's time keepers (clocks, phone) report the same time, people in the western part of the time zone go to bed _______ people in the in eastern part of the time zone.
a bit later than
When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are
a little more than 24 hours long
Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except
a strengthened immune system
Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.
abolish
In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.
about 20
People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except
an abundance of REM sleep
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate
awakening
If a hamster is kept in a laboratory and receives no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), its rhythms will eventually _______, with a daily cycle that lasts a bit longer than 24 hours.
become free-running
Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience
better academic performance
Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?
brain rest
Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of SWS and REM sleep may be related to the
consolidation of perceptual learning
Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of
improving long-term retention
The human menstrual cycle provides an example of a(n) _______ rhythm, because it repeats less than once per day.
infradian
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during the _______ of a night's sleep.
initial half
What is the primary evolutionary benefit of a circadian rhythm?
it allows an animal to anticipate an important natural event and adjust its behavior accordingly
Which statement about fatal familial insomnia is false?
it is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by
large-amplitude delta waves
If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will
match animals A's rhythm
Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called
night terrors
In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show
phase shift
The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the
reticular formation
It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of
sleep apnea
A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.
stage 3
In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.
stage 3
Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.
stage 3
The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by
sustained SWS
A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of
sustained sleep
The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
the immediate onset of REM
Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.
tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation
In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last
up to 40 minutes
The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a
zeitgeber
The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)
zeitgeber
