Psych section 3 study questions
Teresa and Mark have decided not to date other people as a sign of their love for each other. This means that they will not date other people in the interest of the long-term success of their relationship.
Commitment
-They are culturally determined. -They refer to the norms that govern how and when emotions may be expressed. -Are often different for men and women.
Display rules
When we experience feelings that have both physiological and cognitive components and those feelings influence our behavior, we are experiencing
Emotions
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory?
Many adults fail to attain formal operational thinking or only attain formal operational thinking in limited areas of knowledge.
Michael's parents have offered to pay him $50 every time he wins a chess tournament, a game that Michael has always enjoyed playing. According to research,
Michael's intrinsic motivation to play chess will decrease
One of the most widely used self-report measures is the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2.
Psychologists who are interested in the forces that drive human behavior are interested in
Motivation
_____ love is a style that is defined by high physiological arousal, psychological interest, and concern
Passionate
consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses
Reaction formation
Jonathan is watching a movie, and the actors say something that could be either funny or upsetting. Other people in the audience begin laughing, so Jonathan begins laughing and concludes the dialogue must be funny. This example illustrates the
Schachter-Singer Theory
Which of the following is a criticism of Masters &Johnson's studies of sexual behavior?
The samples were probably not representative of the American population.
According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________.
adequate clothing; self-esteem
Jamie is an overly protective mother, and she maintains close control over her baby's activities. According to Erikson, Jamie's behavior will be most damaging during the ______ stage.
autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
According to Carl Jung, the ideas and feelings that we inherit from our human and non-human ancestors rest in the
collective unconscious
The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as:
companionate love
According to Carol Gilligan, the moral reasoning of men is based on _____, and the moral reasoning of women is based on _____.
competition; cooperation
A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of:
conscientiousness.
Danielle is faced with a decision of cheating on a paper to receive a higher grade, or not cheating and earning a low grade. She reasons that if she cheats on the paper, then she may be caught by her professor, and the consequences would give her sorority a bad reputation. She decides not to cheat. According to Kohlberg, Danielle is likely in the _____ stage of moral development.
conventional
Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms:
could not be explained readily in terms of neurological impairments.
Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than ________ it.
describing; explaining
According to Erikson, the primary goal in adolescence is to
develop a personal identity
the ego
develops as a consequence of experience
The norms that govern how and when emotions may be expressed are called
display rules
During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on:
erogenous zones.
Generalizing from Harlow's studies of infant monkeys, what should parents do to maximize their baby's attachment?
establish cuddly body contact
What is the correct sequence of stages in Master and Johnson's sexual response model?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
According to psychoanalytic theory, boys learn to suppress their sexual interests in the mother when they
experience castration anxiety.
In Yajeh's culture, it is inappropriate for women to express sexual interest in men. Instead, women must wait until they are approached by men. This expectation of women is a(n)
gender role
Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality?
humanistic theorists
Katie has difficulty controlling her aggression. Whenever someone annoys her, Katie will often hit or kick that person. Such an extreme response suggests that Katie is dominated by her
id
Which of the following is not a stage in Kübler-Ross's stage model of dying?
identification
If you are in a bad mood but have to go to work, you might find that pretending to be in a good mood and smiling _____ your mood. This would be support for the ________ of emotion
increases; facial feedback theory
During the _____ stage, children become particularly interested in mastering their social interactions and academic skills.
industry-versus-inferiority
Although David earns high grades in school, he feels as though he is not very smart. In fact, he believes that if people knew the real him, they would see that he is not a very good or smart person. Adler would suggest that David has a(n)
inferiority complex.
According to Sternberg, our feelings of closeness and warmth in loving relationships are an example of:
intimacy
social learning
learn emotion from observation and thru reinforcement
A major premise of Maslow's hierarchy of motives theory is that
lower-level needs must be met before higher-level needs
One problem with gender roles is that they
may lead to stereotyping about men and women's typical abilities.
the aspect of cognitive development relating to how an individual reasons about moral decisions.
moral reasoning
state-dependent memory
more likely to remember something when in same emotional state
companionate love
more stable, calmer, reliable, and comfortable
the id
most primitive, present at birth
Children in the sensorimotor stage do not realize that people continue to exist even though they can't be seen, thus showing that they have not mastered
object permanence
Andrew believes that he is unique in his ability to excel in volleyball. He believes that no one in his high school can play as well as he does. Andrew's beliefs about his special volleyball talent is a part of his
personal fable
The pattern of enduring traits that lead people to act in the same ways over time and in different situations is known as
personality
Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.
phallic
The Oedipal conflict is the developmental crisis that occurs in the
phallic stage
Leah and her partner are having sex. Leah's clitoris has begun swelling from increased blood flow, and she is developing a red rash on her chest. She is most likely in the _____ phase.
plateau
According to psychoanalytic theory, information that is not threatening and can be easily brought into awareness is stored in the
preconscious
A child who resolves moral dilemmas by focusing on the concrete rewards and punishments associated with each solution is likely in the _____ stage of moral development.
preconventional
Dr. Brauner believes that human behavior is triggered by forces inside us, and these forces are unconscious and shaped by childhood experiences. Dr. Brauner adopts the
psychodynamic approach
operant conditioning has 3 emotions:
rage, love, fear
Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by
reciprocal determinism.
classical conditioning
reinforced responses
_____ refers to a person's ability to overcome circumstances that place him or her at high risk for psychological harm.
resilience
All of the following are style of attachment except
slow to warm up
It is not unusual for adolescents to participate in clubs and sports during their middle- and high school years. Some psychologists suggest that adolescents channel their increased sexual impulses into these more socially acceptable activities. According to these psychologists, sexual energy is ______ participation in clubs and sports.
sublimated to
On the nature-nurture issue, most developmental psychologist believe that
the interaction of genetic and environmental influences explain behavior better than just focusing on either genetics or the environment.
Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that our personalities help create the situations to which we react?
the social-cognitive perspective
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his:
theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.
A child who has reached the concrete operational stage still cannot
think about abstract or hypothetical phenomenon.
In the _____ stage, it is important that a child's physical and psychological needs are consistently met and that they have positive interactions with the people and events in their world.
trust-versus-mistrust
The hallmark of the formal operational stage is the ability to
use abstract reasoning
Of the following senses, which is LEAST developed at birth?
vision
The embryonic period lasts from
weeks 2-8
mood congruity effect
when happy, more likely to recall good, when depressed, harder for us to remember happy times
embryonic period
when zygote implants in uterine wall, through 2nd month
the superego
your conscience, moral guide
Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence following conception?
zygote, embryo, fetus
germinal
begins at conception, 14 days
All of the following are considered teratogens except
genetic anomalies.
The idea that holding a particular facial expression will lead to a person feeling emotions in keeping with that facial expression is called the
Facial feedback theory
The projective test in which people are asked to describe what they see in ambiguous inkblots was developed by
Hermann Rorschach
The idea that women do not envy men's penises, but rather the power that is associated with being male in a male-dominated society was proposed by
Karen Horney
Primary drives
hunger, thirst, sleep
Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and:
drive-reduction
Sarah, who is 4 years old, is talking on the phone to her uncle, whom she has not seen in several years. Sarah is disappointed that her uncle has not said how much he likes the new dress that she is currently wearing. Her belief that the uncle can see the dress illustrates
egocentric thoughts
Lazarus appraisal model
emotions are determined by cognitive interpretations of situations
Santa Claus is to Superman as ________ is to ________.
endomorph; mesomorph
Whenever Kelli touches her neonate on the cheek, he turns his head and looks at the hand with which she touches him. This is known as the
rooting reflex
Which of the following is the correct sequence of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Warm and responsive parenting is to _____ as neglectful and insensitive parenting is to _____.
secure attachment; insecure attachment
People who have reached their highest potential and who are happy with their current lives can be described as
self-actualizing
Personal capabilities are components of _____, and personal evaluations are components of _____.
self-efficacy; self-esteem
Stephanie is playing with a ball when it rolls down a flight of stairs and out of sight. She makes no attempt to find the ball. Stephanie is still in the
sensorimotor stage
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that:
sexual drives are central to personality development.
The belief that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously is consistent with the
Cannon-Bard Theory
For an embryo to develop male genitalia, what must occur?
Testosterone must be present.
Max demonstrates behaviors that are stereotypical of both men and women. Max could be described as
adrogynous
The sexual fantasies of men and women
are similar in content and quality
Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called:
assimilation
A positive emotional bond between a child and his/her caregivers is called
attachment
Research suggests that the worst outcomes for children are associated with
authoritarian and uninvolved parenting styles.
Environmental factors that can cross the placental barrier and contribute to birth defects are known as
teratogens
Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.
need; drive
Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between:
the actual self and the ideal self.
Research on emotions and culture suggests that
the expression of basic emotions may be universal
Which of the following is not a weakness that is specific to longitudinal research designs?
the influence of cohort effects on the data
The relationship between the id and the ego is similar to the relationship between
the pleasure principle and the reality principle.
What statement about interpersonal attraction has been supported by research?
"Birds of a feather flock together"
Which statement would Sigmund Freud least likely make?
"The components of the human personality are generally balanced."