Psych section 3 study questions

Teresa and Mark have decided not to date other people as a sign of their love for each other. This means that they will not date other people in the interest of the long-term success of their relationship.

Commitment

-They are culturally determined. -They refer to the norms that govern how and when emotions may be expressed. -Are often different for men and women.

Display rules

When we experience feelings that have both physiological and cognitive components and those feelings influence our behavior, we are experiencing

Emotions

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory?

Many adults fail to attain formal operational thinking or only attain formal operational thinking in limited areas of knowledge.

Michael's parents have offered to pay him $50 every time he wins a chess tournament, a game that Michael has always enjoyed playing. According to research,

Michael's intrinsic motivation to play chess will decrease

One of the most widely used self-report measures is the

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2.

Psychologists who are interested in the forces that drive human behavior are interested in

Motivation

_____ love is a style that is defined by high physiological arousal, psychological interest, and concern

Passionate

consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses

Reaction formation

Jonathan is watching a movie, and the actors say something that could be either funny or upsetting. Other people in the audience begin laughing, so Jonathan begins laughing and concludes the dialogue must be funny. This example illustrates the

Schachter-Singer Theory

Which of the following is a criticism of Masters &Johnson's studies of sexual behavior?

The samples were probably not representative of the American population.

According to Maslow, our need for ________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for ________.

adequate clothing; self-esteem

Jamie is an overly protective mother, and she maintains close control over her baby's activities. According to Erikson, Jamie's behavior will be most damaging during the ______ stage.

autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt

According to Carl Jung, the ideas and feelings that we inherit from our human and non-human ancestors rest in the

collective unconscious

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as:

companionate love

According to Carol Gilligan, the moral reasoning of men is based on _____, and the moral reasoning of women is based on _____.

competition; cooperation

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of:

conscientiousness.

Danielle is faced with a decision of cheating on a paper to receive a higher grade, or not cheating and earning a low grade. She reasons that if she cheats on the paper, then she may be caught by her professor, and the consequences would give her sorority a bad reputation. She decides not to cheat. According to Kohlberg, Danielle is likely in the _____ stage of moral development.

conventional

Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms:

could not be explained readily in terms of neurological impairments.

Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than ________ it.

describing; explaining

According to Erikson, the primary goal in adolescence is to

develop a personal identity

the ego

develops as a consequence of experience

The norms that govern how and when emotions may be expressed are called

display rules

During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on:

erogenous zones.

Generalizing from Harlow's studies of infant monkeys, what should parents do to maximize their baby's attachment?

establish cuddly body contact

What is the correct sequence of stages in Master and Johnson's sexual response model?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

According to psychoanalytic theory, boys learn to suppress their sexual interests in the mother when they

experience castration anxiety.

In Yajeh's culture, it is inappropriate for women to express sexual interest in men. Instead, women must wait until they are approached by men. This expectation of women is a(n)

gender role

Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality?

humanistic theorists

Katie has difficulty controlling her aggression. Whenever someone annoys her, Katie will often hit or kick that person. Such an extreme response suggests that Katie is dominated by her

id

Which of the following is not a stage in Kübler-Ross's stage model of dying?

identification

If you are in a bad mood but have to go to work, you might find that pretending to be in a good mood and smiling _____ your mood. This would be support for the ________ of emotion

increases; facial feedback theory

During the _____ stage, children become particularly interested in mastering their social interactions and academic skills.

industry-versus-inferiority

Although David earns high grades in school, he feels as though he is not very smart. In fact, he believes that if people knew the real him, they would see that he is not a very good or smart person. Adler would suggest that David has a(n)

inferiority complex.

According to Sternberg, our feelings of closeness and warmth in loving relationships are an example of:

intimacy

social learning

learn emotion from observation and thru reinforcement

A major premise of Maslow's hierarchy of motives theory is that

lower-level needs must be met before higher-level needs

One problem with gender roles is that they

may lead to stereotyping about men and women's typical abilities.

the aspect of cognitive development relating to how an individual reasons about moral decisions.

moral reasoning

state-dependent memory

more likely to remember something when in same emotional state

companionate love

more stable, calmer, reliable, and comfortable

the id

most primitive, present at birth

Children in the sensorimotor stage do not realize that people continue to exist even though they can't be seen, thus showing that they have not mastered

object permanence

Andrew believes that he is unique in his ability to excel in volleyball. He believes that no one in his high school can play as well as he does. Andrew's beliefs about his special volleyball talent is a part of his

personal fable

The pattern of enduring traits that lead people to act in the same ways over time and in different situations is known as

personality

Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.

phallic

The Oedipal conflict is the developmental crisis that occurs in the

phallic stage

Leah and her partner are having sex. Leah's clitoris has begun swelling from increased blood flow, and she is developing a red rash on her chest. She is most likely in the _____ phase.

plateau

According to psychoanalytic theory, information that is not threatening and can be easily brought into awareness is stored in the

preconscious

A child who resolves moral dilemmas by focusing on the concrete rewards and punishments associated with each solution is likely in the _____ stage of moral development.

preconventional

Dr. Brauner believes that human behavior is triggered by forces inside us, and these forces are unconscious and shaped by childhood experiences. Dr. Brauner adopts the

psychodynamic approach

operant conditioning has 3 emotions:

rage, love, fear

Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by

reciprocal determinism.

classical conditioning

reinforced responses

_____ refers to a person's ability to overcome circumstances that place him or her at high risk for psychological harm.

resilience

All of the following are style of attachment except

slow to warm up

It is not unusual for adolescents to participate in clubs and sports during their middle- and high school years. Some psychologists suggest that adolescents channel their increased sexual impulses into these more socially acceptable activities. According to these psychologists, sexual energy is ______ participation in clubs and sports.

sublimated to

On the nature-nurture issue, most developmental psychologist believe that

the interaction of genetic and environmental influences explain behavior better than just focusing on either genetics or the environment.

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that our personalities help create the situations to which we react?

the social-cognitive perspective

The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his:

theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.

A child who has reached the concrete operational stage still cannot

think about abstract or hypothetical phenomenon.

In the _____ stage, it is important that a child's physical and psychological needs are consistently met and that they have positive interactions with the people and events in their world.

trust-versus-mistrust

The hallmark of the formal operational stage is the ability to

use abstract reasoning

Of the following senses, which is LEAST developed at birth?

vision

The embryonic period lasts from

weeks 2-8

mood congruity effect

when happy, more likely to recall good, when depressed, harder for us to remember happy times

embryonic period

when zygote implants in uterine wall, through 2nd month

the superego

your conscience, moral guide

Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence following conception?

zygote, embryo, fetus

germinal

begins at conception, 14 days

All of the following are considered teratogens except

genetic anomalies.

The idea that holding a particular facial expression will lead to a person feeling emotions in keeping with that facial expression is called the

Facial feedback theory

The projective test in which people are asked to describe what they see in ambiguous inkblots was developed by

Hermann Rorschach

The idea that women do not envy men's penises, but rather the power that is associated with being male in a male-dominated society was proposed by

Karen Horney

Primary drives

hunger, thirst, sleep

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and:

drive-reduction

Sarah, who is 4 years old, is talking on the phone to her uncle, whom she has not seen in several years. Sarah is disappointed that her uncle has not said how much he likes the new dress that she is currently wearing. Her belief that the uncle can see the dress illustrates

egocentric thoughts

Lazarus appraisal model

emotions are determined by cognitive interpretations of situations

Santa Claus is to Superman as ________ is to ________.

endomorph; mesomorph

Whenever Kelli touches her neonate on the cheek, he turns his head and looks at the hand with which she touches him. This is known as the

rooting reflex

Which of the following is the correct sequence of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Warm and responsive parenting is to _____ as neglectful and insensitive parenting is to _____.

secure attachment; insecure attachment

People who have reached their highest potential and who are happy with their current lives can be described as

self-actualizing

Personal capabilities are components of _____, and personal evaluations are components of _____.

self-efficacy; self-esteem

Stephanie is playing with a ball when it rolls down a flight of stairs and out of sight. She makes no attempt to find the ball. Stephanie is still in the

sensorimotor stage

Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that:

sexual drives are central to personality development.

The belief that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously is consistent with the

Cannon-Bard Theory

For an embryo to develop male genitalia, what must occur?

Testosterone must be present.

Max demonstrates behaviors that are stereotypical of both men and women. Max could be described as

adrogynous

The sexual fantasies of men and women

are similar in content and quality

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called:

assimilation

A positive emotional bond between a child and his/her caregivers is called

attachment

Research suggests that the worst outcomes for children are associated with

authoritarian and uninvolved parenting styles.

Environmental factors that can cross the placental barrier and contribute to birth defects are known as

teratogens

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

need; drive

Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between:

the actual self and the ideal self.

Research on emotions and culture suggests that

the expression of basic emotions may be universal

Which of the following is not a weakness that is specific to longitudinal research designs?

the influence of cohort effects on the data

The relationship between the id and the ego is similar to the relationship between

the pleasure principle and the reality principle.

What statement about interpersonal attraction has been supported by research?

"Birds of a feather flock together"

Which statement would Sigmund Freud least likely make?

"The components of the human personality are generally balanced."