psych test 2

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another characte

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Learning occurs when information in short-term memory remains in short-term memory and becomes permanent.

false

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking dog to the park every afternoon at 4

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

tolman

"Association" is the process by which two pieces of information become connected together in our minds.

true

A neutral stimulus is a thing or event that evokes no particular response.

true

A primary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a biological need.

true

A secondary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a second biological need.

true

A stimulus is a thing or event.

true

Classical conditioning is a type of learning.

true

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when dog plays dead for a treat

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

A response is a behavior.

true

Operant conditioning is the process of modifying an organism's behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.

true

Reinforcers are consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again.

true

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

To maximize learning, a ______ should be presented on a(n) _____ schedule.

CS + USC; continuous

Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?

He is considered the founder of behaviorism

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

checking cellphone at random times instead of when she hears voicemail notification

a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events

classical conditioning

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

emotions can be a conditioned response

An unconditioned response is caused by either a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned stimulus.

false

Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist.

false

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play mini golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars on your reward chart

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

partial

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

playing lottery

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Like people, dogs salivate when preparing to eat.

true

The term "operant," is derived from the term "operate."

true

To become a conditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus must be presented right before the unconditioned stimulus.

true

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment