psych test 3
Plaget's Cognitive development: describe the Sensorimotor stage
0-2 years; no object permanence; Kids have tendency to put t-shirts on backwards; scale errors (sitting in small chair)
Plaget's Cognitive development: describe the formal operations
12-adolescence; Abstract & If/then thinking
Plaget's Cognitive development: describe the preoperational stage
2-6 years; Learning and doing math; not able to reverse thoughts; only can think about one thing of a time (CENTRATION); Ability to only see things from own point of view (EGOCENTRISM); Lack of CONSERVATION- something will stay the same despite shape/location
The brain reaches maturity around age____.
25
Your memory peaks at ______; what can you do to protect it after this age?
25; physical exercise, social networks
Plaget's Cognitive development: describe the Concrete operations
6-12 years; Able to think about concrete things; have conservation; Hierarchical classification
What is self-esteem?
A judgment of the value of the self
What two categories of people influence the interpersonal self?
A person's significant others and the social groups to which the person belongs
What does the early appearance of temperament in a person's life suggest?
A possible genetic origin for personality
What did erik Erikson create?
A psychosocial theory- personality develops in realm of interacting w other people
What does it mean that a particular personality trait, such as shyness or extroversion, has a heritability factor of .50?
Across the human population, the variations in that personality trait are influenced about equally by genetics and environmental factors.
Psychologists approach the study of the self by examining the ABCs. What are these?
Affect, behavior, and cognition
A declarative memory that is accessed in a conscious, direct, and effortful manner is also called ____.
An explicit memory
What is a teratogen?
Any agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: What stage is this: Can I do things by myself?
Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt (18 months- 3 years)
Why do some evolutionary psychologists believe characteristics such as the Big Five show up in a variety of cultures?
Because these characteristics affect survival in our social species.
Which external environmental factor is NOT mentioned in the text as a factor that can chemically "tag" our DNA?
Behavior
Which personality: What do rewards and punishment have to do with it?
Behavioral
What theory of personality says that operant conditioning leads, over time, to the development of "response tendencies" in individuals?
Behaviorism
Which of the following describes a behaviorist approach to the study of psychology?
Behaviorists emphasized learning as an important influence on personality.
NEO Personality inventory stands for what
Big 5 personality traits: (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism)
Which personality: What do genetics have to do with it?
Biological
The effect of our motivations on our retrieval of memories ______.
Can lead to distortion so that the original information is hardly recognizable
The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two refers to the _______
Capacity of short-term memory
In some cultures, children are encouraged to walk earlier or later than what would be considered the average age in the United States. Which of the following statements describes how this kind of encouragement is likely to affect the developmental timeline?
Changes in the developmental timeline are usually slight because myelination of motor nerves usually just precedes the achievement of a new skill.
What does the science of personality explore?
Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
The steepest curve of development is when we are______?
Children
Which personality: What do thought processes have to do with it?
Cognitive
A classical method of measuring the retention of material in long-term memory over time is to ____
Compare the rate of learning material the first time to the rate of learning the same material a second time
_______ is a confusion between imagined and true memories
Confabulation
What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units?
Connectionist theory
What did Conrad discover about ducklings?
Conrad discovered they would follow the first moving object they see
_____ refers to development that proceeds gradually and smoothly over time.
Continuity
The reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time is called ____
Decay
What type of learning: Tamara remembers her first date
Declarative, Episodic
What type of learning: Omar recalls his trip to Washington DC
Declarative, Episodic (episodes of your life)
What type of learning: Kirsten knows a poem by heart
Declarative, Semantic
What type of learning: Little Salma can recite her phone number
Declarative, Semantic
What type of learning: Cari can name all of the former presidents of the US
Declarative, Semantic (facts)
What are Kubler-Ross' stages of Grieving/dying?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
_____ refers to development that changes abruptly from one stage to the other.
Discontinuity
The MMPI test is looking for?
Disorders
What did the sleep demo emphasize?
Dr. Mae didn't say sleep, but rather words associated with sleep, activating a node associated with sleep
In humans, zygote is the correct term for a developing organism during which period of time?
During the first 2 weeks after conception
Eduardo's father died fairly young. Eduardo looks at his small children and wants to lead a long and healthy life. What is one step he can take that has been shown to add years to life?
Eat fruits and vegetables
_______ refers to the process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory
Encoding
Like other adaptations, forming memories requires ______
Energy
Which of the following is an accurate statement?
Epigenetic tags continue to accumulate in response to ongoing experience throughout the life span.
_____ memory is organized like a timeline.
Episodic
Who was part of a team that demonstrated persistent changes in the strength of synapses responsible for several types of learning in the sea slugs?
Eric Kandel
Roger is preparing for his final exam in bioethics. In terms of memory retrieval, the most difficult type of exam question will most likely be_____
Essay
Procedural memories are easy to describe in words
False
Which of the following types of intelligence is most likely to change due to aging?
Fluid intelligence
What is Phonemic Encoding?
Focusing on the sound (weak)
What stage of Cognitive development is this: Can get all weird on you talking about abstracts (peace and love and such)
Formal operations
What stage of Cognitive development is this: Thinks "If i press all the elevator buttons, then people will get mad"
Formal operations
Which of these psychologists is/are associated with the psychodynamic theory of personality?
Freud
A projective personality test provides an ambiguous stimulus onto which the test taker "projects" his or her personality. This is based on ____.
Freudian theory
Lucas is in first grade and works hard to print his alphabet letters on the lines on his notebook paper. In which direction is this motor development proceeding?
From his midline to his extremities
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: What stage is this: Have I produced something worthwhile in my life?
Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65 years)
The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two was first identified by psychologist _____
George Miller
_____ codes are to process touch an other body senses
Haptic
What did Harlow discover about monkeys?
Harlow discovered the monkeys bonded with a surrogate mom with a cloth coating and not a wire one with a bottle. TOUCH IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR BABIES
Mr. Langley's former high school Latin students are holding a reunion twenty-five years later. He surprises them with a vocabulary game show quiz. His students most likely ____.
Have retained much of the vocabulary they knew in high school
What does a Galvanic skin response measure?
How much you are perspiring (sweating)
Which personality: What does free will have to do with it?
Humanistic
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: What stage is this: Who am I and where am I going in life?
Identity vs. Confusion (13-21 years)
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: What stage is this: Do I measure up to my peers?
Industry vs. Inferiority (5-13 years)
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: What stage is this: Am I a good kid or a bad kid?
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: What stage is this: Have I lived a full life?
Integrity vs. Despair (65+)
What "self" do we play in the presence of other people?
Interpersonal self
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: What stage is this: Am I capable of having a meaningful, intimate relationship with another?
Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-39 years)
A sensitive person who reacts with anxiety to loud noises or unexpected experiences would be described as having a high level of reactivity. Toward which end of the continuum of the Big Five traits would this person likely fall?
Introversion and neuroticism
What is the main evolutionary benefit of memory?
It allows animals to use information from the past to respond quickly to immediate challenges
Which of the following is true regarding young adulthood?
It emerges gradually in industrialized countries.
The Demo where we wrote down the number of Es in a group of words showed what?
It's easier to encode and remember something without emotional connection (semantic encoding)
Learning changes neural structure in that neurons have ______ axon terminals following sensitization.
Large numbers of
Which of the following is an advantage of personality inventories?
Large numbers of people can be assessed quickly and inexpensively.
Which scenario best exemplifies an ecological approach to development?
Liam was toilet trained at 18 months, a standard approach for his community.
_______ enhances communication between two neurons
Long-term potentiation
Personality Tests: You want to pre-screen a therapy client for possible disorders
MMPI
_____ rehearsal is simple repetition of the material.
Maintenance
Which of the following psychologists was a humanist, interested particularly in human motivation?
Maslow
Because babies cannot talk, researchers must rely on which of the following to assess their sensory capabilities?
Measures of heart rate, facial expression, and head movements
What is the belief of Adlerian Psychology?
Most important thing that feeds into happiness and feelings of wellbeing in life is need for superiority
Kevin is legally required to send a quarterly check to his former wife, whom he divorced twenty years ago. It annoys him greatly and he finds he often forgets until several days after the due date. This is likely an example of ____.
Motivated forgetting
Personality Tests: This test is not a "real" personality test
Myer/Briggs
Personality Tests: You wish to do research comparing normal personalities
NEO Personality Inventory
Professor Sevilla asks one of his graduate students, Leland, to finish his class lecture on memory. Leland begins by explaining that nondeclarative memories 1) are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories; 2) are easy to verbalize; 3) include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; and 4) are also known as implicit memories. Which part of his definition is inaccurate?
Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize
What type of learning: A snakebite at the age of three has left Peter afraid of snakes
Nondeclarative, Classical conditioning (nobody is born afraid of snakes)
What type of learning: Tom remembers his gf as less attractive after thinking of models
Nondeclarative, Priming (what you are thinking of influences other thoughts)
What type of learning: Manuel remembers how to play the piano
Nondeclarative, procedural
What type of learning: Cori remembers how to ride a bike
Nondeclarative, procedural (remembering how to do something)
Which of the following best describes the relationships of older adults?
Older adults often find their relationships with siblings especially meaningful.
Which of these statements about long term memory is NOT true?
Older people are less able to add new information to their long-term memories than younger people are.
Researchers have identified structural correlates in the brains of adults for four of the Big Five personality traits. Which Big Five personality trait has not yet been correlated with a structure of the brain?
Openness
Personality Tests: You want to narrow down your 3 finalist applicants for a job
PF Questionnaire
The hippocampus _____
Participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory
Scientists have discovered correlations between activity in parts of the human brain and specific components of long-term memory through the observation of ___
Patients with brain damage and brain-imaging studies in healthy participants
What is Semantic Encoding?
Personal relevance to you (Strong)
What are the 4 warning signs of a fake personality test?
Personality test claims to measure your entire personality, full of generalities, only positive, not giving you an average
What are examples of Freudian Psychology?
Phallic Symbols Freudian Slips- no mistakes, all things motivated from subconscious (sexual) ORAL PERSONALITY- Personality fixed in oral stage whose drives are satisfied by things in mouth (thumb in mouth, pencil eraser, sex stuff) ANAL PERSONALITY- (anal retentive) a great need for order/control. In childhood in effort to contain bowel movements
Students who pull all-nighters tend to perform ________ on tests the next day
Poorly
Critical-thinking exercises encourage young adults to develop what type of cognitive functioning?
Postformal thought
Episodic memories are affected by damage to the
Prefrontal cortex
What stage of Cognitive development is this: Assumes everyone likes ice cream because they like ice cream
Preoperational
What stage of Cognitive development is this: Can count 4 + 2 = 6 on fingers, but have to start on fingers again to do 6 - 4
Preoperational
What stage of Cognitive development is this: Thinks there is less playdough if you squish it
Preoperational
What is Piaget's name for the stage of development that begins at the age of 2 years, ends at the age of 6 years, and is characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically?
Preoperational stage
Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a ____.
Previous stimulus
Superior recall for the first item on the list is known as the _____
Primacy effect
Which personality: What does the unconscious have to do with it?
Psychodynamic
What two dimensions of temperament appear to be particularly important for adult personality?
Reactivity and self-regulation
Aaron is studying for his sensation and perception exam by explaining terms and concepts to his friend Catherine in his own words and providing self-referential examples. This is called_____.
Recitation
In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through ____
Rehearsal
The three steps of memory are encoding, storage, and ____
Retrieval
______ refers to the process of finding memories or reconstructing the details that make up a memory.
Retrieval
The Demo where we remembered words from a list showed what
Retrieval- Primacy and Recency effects- it's easier to remember the first and last things in a list
Which of the following is a projective personality test?
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Personality Tests: You want to investigate a therapy client's unconscious influences
Rorschach test
Henry was suffering from life threatening seizures. Had surgery to remove part of hippocampus. What did this cause?
Seizures stopped but couldn't form any more long term memories
If a species can recognize themselves in a mirror, this is evidence of ____
Self Awareness
Receiving unconditional positive regard from someone can increase your ____
Self Congruency (Carl Rogers' Ideal self vs. Real self)
Being video recorded mostly increases people's ____
Self Consciousness (how u come across looking to other people)
The goldilocks effect is needed here - Not too little and not too much
Self Enhancement
Give people positive feedback can increase their ____
Self Esteem
When you use it, you actually lose it:
Self Regulation (Using up more glucose)
What does Walter Michel's Stanford Marshmallow Test prove?
Self regulation
Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of ____ memory.
Semantic
Within the category of declarative memories, far more is known about ____ organization than other types of organization
Semantic
Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include_____
Semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information
What stage of Cognitive development is this: Loves the peek-a-boo game because they think you actually disappear
Sensorimotor
The first storage is what?
Sensory Memory: Iconic, Echoic, Haptic (limited by attention, a few seconds, like seeing trees on your way to school)
The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model involves the retention of large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time. This is called _____.
Sensory memory
According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What is the correct flow of information in this model?
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
What are examples of false memories
Shemas (knowledge structure), Misinformation, Misattribution- remembering information longer than the source of the information, Personality (susceptibility)
The second storage is what?
Short term memory (Magic #7, meaning you can remember 7 things at a time, for 30 seconds)
Most types of memories appear stronger after
Sleep
Research has shown that ____ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories.
Sleep
Ava is almost 1 month old. What does she spend most of her day doing?
Sleeping
What theory of personality considers cognition and learning, especially from the social environment, to be important sources of individual differences in personality?
Social-cognitive learning theory
______ refers to the process of keeping information in the brain for future reconstruction
Storage
Two of the most common causes of retrieval failure are interference and ______
Stress
fMRIs have shown that prefrontal areas of the brain appear to actively _____ memories that are used less frequently.
Suppress
Personality Tests: You want to explore a therapy client's (a writer's) unconscious
TAT
What is the Rorschach test?
Testing Unconscious by looking at inkblots
What is object permanence?
The ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
Which of the following statements is true about the heritability ratio of personality traits in humans?
The heritability ratio does not tell us how an individual's personality actually develops.
Memory's benefits to survival are shown in the fact that nearly all animals are able to form memories despite ______
The high energy costs
Which of the following is an accurate definition of accommodation?
The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
Which of the following is an accurate definition of assimilation?
The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema
The text notes that Professor Jennifer Mather tested 44 octopuses systematically for their responses to stimuli such as being touched with a brush. What did she find?
The octopuses seemed to have unique and stable responses, similar to having a "personality."
In Freud's model of the structure of personality, which of the following would be an example of the superego?
The part of our personality that functions as a conscience
What is the self?
The patterns of thought, feelings, and actions we perceive in our own minds
What is one limitation of using an interview to conduct a personality assessment?
The person being interviewed can easily hide some aspects of his or her personality.
What is one potential limitation of personality inventories that are based on self-reporting?
The responses might be influenced by the test-taker's need to appear socially appropriate.
Which of the following describes Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development?
The stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years and characterized by active exploration of the environment
Reminiscence bump: When do people have their most memories formed?
Their 20s
The spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on____
Their personal experiences
What did Hans Eysenk discover about extroverts?
They loved coffee more than introverts (it helps them reach threshold)
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart show about the similarity of identical twins?
They were similar whether or not they were raised together.
What is Structural Encoding?
Thinking of just the word (weak)
Which personality: What do trait dimensions have to do with it?
Trait
Encoding is the process of acquiring information and _____ it into memory
Transferring
It is thought that sleep-related processing helps to reorganize existing memories to accommodate new information
True
Erikson's Psychosocial Development: What stage is this: Are my basic needs taken care of?
Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy-18 months)
A graph of the serial position effect, where the likelihood of recall of an item is plotted as a function of the item's position in a list during presentation, takes the shape of a(n) ____.
U-shaped curve
What are the two basic requirements of a good test?
Validity and reliability
What role does habituation play in evaluating a baby's sensory capacities?
When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she likely cannot tell the difference between them.
Which of the following is an example of an ethical concern related to a standardized personality inventory?
Who gets to see the private and potentially sensitive data produced by the test?
How do most people respond when they talk about themselves, look at themselves in a mirror, watch a video of themselves, or "stand out from the crowd" in some way?
With heightened self-awareness and an unpleasant feeling
Which of the following is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously?
Working memory
During adolescence, which of the following reach(es) adult levels?
Working memory and reaction time
Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because ____.
Working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time
In Freudian theory, projection is ____.
a defense mechanism
Long-term marriage partners show more similarities with each other due to a lifetime spent in each other's company, along with ____ (O'Rourke & Cappeliez, 2005).
a lack of attention to past negative events and personality traits
A trait is _____.
a stable personality characteristic
Genetics accounts for ______ of the variability seen in the population's personality.
about half
Mia continued to drink heavily with her friends throughout her pregnancy. Her son, now four years old, has physical abnormalities, including an underdeveloped jaw and thin upper lip, and cognitive and behavioral problems. He most likely has ____.
fetal alcohol syndrome
Which term describes a developing organism between 8 and approximately 40 weeks after conception in humans?
fetus
Which of the following is not a common teratogen?
folic acid
Jack was a very timid child, both physically and socially. His parents gently encouraged him to participate in activities with other children, without pushing him hard enough to be uncomfortable. Over time he became quite adept at playing team sports. This is an example of ____.
goodness of fit
A 40-year-old woman has a greater probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome than a 25-year-old woman. This is because the 40-year-old woman is more likely to ___________.
have had more exposure to harmful environmental influences, leading to faulty cell division
Alex is starting his day. Which of the following represents a procedural memory?
he brushes his teeth
Why is Erik Erikson have almost the same last and first name?
he is a self made man
Research suggests that African American and Hispanic youth who identify with an ethnic group during adolescence and young adulthood have ____ (Erol & Orth, 2011).
higher overall self-esteem
Twin studies like the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart are commonly used to explore __________.
how genetics affects personality
According to research (Fox, Hershberger, & Bouchard, 1996), who is most likely to reach milestones in motor development at the same time?
identical twins
In Erikson's work (1968), a consistent, unified sense of self is called ____.
identity
Memory over the Lifespan: What is Infantile Amnesia?
in small children the STRIATUM is responsible for simple associations, motor skills, and learning language. Striatum develops much quicker than hippocampus, so infants can't form long term memories
People are more likely to see themselves as unique in _______ cultures.
individualistic
Ashley is a senior in high school. Her parents enjoy her company and have an open-door policy where her friends are concerned. They are fine with her friends drinking and smoking in the basement as long as one person refrains from drinking and is the designated driver. Their parenting style is ____.
indulgent
Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky proposed that children learn about the world by _______.
interacting with parents, teachers, and other community members
Gabriel is 25 years old, 6 foot 3 inches tall, and 185 pounds. He is an accomplished lacrosse player and continues to play in a competitive league. Gabriel ____.
is most likely at the pinnacle of his physical fitness
The majority of people ____.
judge themselves more positively and less negatively than they judge others
A spurt in myelination occurs between the ages of 6 and 13 years in parts of the brain associated with ____.
language and spatial relations
Most men experience ____ in testosterone over the course of the midlife years.
little to no decrease
In cognitive-social learning theories of personality, the cognitive expectancy related to the source of individual outcomes is known as ________.
locus of control
According to a large meta-analysis involving thousands of participants (Kling, Hyde, Showers & Buswell, 1999), ____.
males have a very small self-esteem advantage over females
The complete cessation of a woman's menstrual cycles is called ____.
menopause
The ____ gives rise to muscle and bone.
mesoderm
Memory aids that link new information to well-known information are called
mnemonics
Individual differences in temperament may emerge early in life. These traits ____.
most likely represent genetic differences
The ectoderm develops into ____.
nerve tissue and skin
Assessing other people's personalities by listening to them and watching their behavior is called __________.
observation
The self does not exist in a vacuum. It both shapes and is shaped by ____.
our social environment
People with low self-esteem tend to respond to failure in one area by __________.
overgeneralizing or assuming that they will fail in other areas too
During pregnancy, which organ provides the developing fetus with nutrients and oxygen and protects it from exposure to a variety of toxins and disease-causing agents?
placenta
Mahatma Gandhi used nonviolent civil disobedience in his efforts to gain India's independence from foreign powers. His belief reflected the idea that there are standards of right and wrong that are higher than rules created by humans. These actions reflect Kohlberg's stage of ____ morality.
postconventional
Chris and Ivan are 14 years old. Chris dares Ivan by saying, "Let's take a bottle of wine from your grandmother's house. It's OK because she'll never notice." According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, this represents ____.
preconventional morality
An implicit memory for how to carry out a motor skill or action is called ____.
procedural memory
Personality tests are widely used by therapists, potential employers, judges, and attorneys. These applications of personality assessment ____.
raise important ethical concerns
The ________ dimension of temperament predicts a person's response to novel or challenging stimuli.
reactivity
When we interact with family members, friends, coworkers, and other significant people, we experience the _________ self.
relational
Teens begin to form an identity by asking "Who am I?" and "What kind of person do I want to be?" According to Erikson, failure to achieve a stable identity leads to ____.
role confusion and problems with subsequent stages
Ethan is just 2 weeks old. When his mother strokes his cheek he turns toward the touch and opens his mouth. This is called the ____ reflex.
rooting
Dylan is 16. He is finally taller than his sister and is experiencing muscular development, growth of facial hair, and enlargement of the larynx, which has caused his voice to deepen. These are called ____ sex characteristics.
secondary
One's knowledge of personal traits, feelings, roles, and memories is called ____.
self-awareness
Conscious efforts to manage the self are referred to as _______.
self-regulation
Schizophrenia, ADHD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are all characterized by deficits of _________.
self-regulation
We use _____ to help us achieve goals like eating more healthily or completing a frustrating task.
self-regulation
People who differ in neuroticism show different volumes of areas of the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus, areas that have been implicated in ____.
sensitivity to threat and stress
The obvious evolutionary purpose of puberty is to prepare an individual for ____.
sex
One thing that doesn't change during our journey through the life span is the need for _____.
social connection
To avoid the pitfalls of observation and interview, many psychologists turn to ____.
standardized tests of personality
Trait theorists use _____ to support their theories.
statistical methods of correlation and factor analysis
To which of the following tastes will a newborn react most favorably?
sweet
A child's ________, which is linked to later personality, is defined as a pattern of mood, activity, or emotional responsiveness.
temperament
What is memory?
the ability to retain knowledge
Human beings are somewhat unusual among primates in the length of their life span beyond their productive years. This may have provided an adaptive advantage over the course of evolution and is known as ____.
the grandmother effect
Freud's free association is what?
the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection.
The tendency to overestimate how much attention other people pay to our behavior is known as _________.
the spotlight effect
Most efforts to study how genetics affects personality use ____.
the twin study method
A mother's use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or cocaine during pregnancy can significantly reduce ____.
the volume of gray matter in her child's brain
At the onset of puberty, ____.
there is substantial gray matter growth
Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because ____.
they provide more cues
what is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
type a story around a picture
Rachel is in junior high school. Her father drinks heavily and is frequently out of work. Her mother is very depressed and spends much of the day in front of the TV. Rachel spends as much time as she can outside of their home. Her parents' style of parenting is ____.
uninvolved
Long-term memory is characterized by ____
unlimited duration and unlimited capacity
The critical finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart was that identical twins raised apart and together were ____.
very similar to one another whether the overall positive correlation for a particular characteristic was strong or weak
What is the spotlight effect?
we can significantly overestimate the amount of attention we receive from other people (Steve Martin in Lonely man)
Humanists advocate studying exceptional people to see _____.
why they succeeded
During prenatal development the ______ begins to differentiate into the cells of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
zygote
The average age at which each motor milestone is met ____.
falls within a wide range of normal development
16 PF Questionnaire is best weighted for what?
businesses
Psychologists taking the universal approach to development look for ___ that are found across the entire human species.
age-related behaviors
A cue is _____
any stimulus that helps you access target information
People with high self-esteem tend to have both greater happiness and persistence because they ____.
are better able to weather bad news relative to those with low self-esteem
The parenting style that combines high behavioral regulation with low support is ____.
authoritarian
Myelination of the frontal lobes is much greater in adults aged 23 to 30 than in youth between the ages of 12 and 16. Unfortunately, an adolescent's white matter is more susceptible than an adult's to damage from ____.
binge drinking
Development is believed to ____.
be continuous in some aspects and more abrupt in others
Observation remains one of the most reliable means of making judgments about other people, but it ____.
can be time consuming and biased
Which of the following is the best description of interference?
competition between newer and older information in memory
People with different levels of ________ have different volumes in areas of the prefrontal cortex that are involved with planning and the voluntary control of behavior.
conscientiousness
Justin is 19 years old. In the past, he drove at an abnormally high speed if no police cars were in sight. Now he believes it is in everybody's best interests to obey speed limits and other traffic rules. According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, this represents ____ morality.
conventional
The relationship between brain structure and the Big Five personality traits is ______, meaning we do not know if they are responsible for personality, the result of personality, or the result of other unknown variables.
correlational
Psychologists taking an ecological view ask questions about the impact of ____ on development.
culture and environment
Bree is HIV-positive and is managing her infection with antiretroviral drugs. She just learned that she is pregnant. To avoid passing the virus to her baby, her doctor may advise her to ________.
deliver the baby by cesarean section if possible
DNA stands for _____.
deoxyribonucleic acid
According to Piaget's theory, cognitive abilities develop through regular stages. This idea is a classic example of the ____ approach.
discontinuity
The _____ approach views development as a staircase to be climbed.
discontinuity
Teens tend to spend more time with peers and less with family. Research has indicated that teens have a lower risk for substance abuse when they ____ (Fulkerson et al., 2006).
eat dinners regularly with family
The temperament traits of children, which are visible within the first few months of life, have been described along three dimensions (Mary Rothbart et al., 2007): surgency or extroversion, negative affect or mood, and ____.
effortful control
When referring to humans, which of the following terms describes a developing organism from 3 weeks to 8 weeks after conception?
embryo
Throughout the remaining life span of a person after birth, _____ tags continue to accumulate in response to ongoing experience.
epigenetic
Chemical tags are another term for _____.
epigenomes
The science of personality _____.
explores the extent to which personality is truly unique or overlaps with others
