Psych - Unit 2

The first African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology, she influenced the outcome of Brown V. Board of education

Inez Beverly Prosser

She made a career of conducting naturalistic observations of chimpanzee behavior.

Jane Goodall

The first woman to earn a PhD in psychology, her research focused on behavior and cognition

Margaret Floy Washburn

A preeminent first-generation American psychologist who opposed the behaviorist movement, conducted significant research into memory, and established one of the earliest experimental psychology labs in the US

Mary Whitton Caulkins

The ______ effect occurs when a person's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation

Placebo

A group of students are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

Replication

His views set the stage for much of the psychological thinking today, such as the unconscious nature of the majority of the psychological proces

Sigmund Freud

A research study surveying people who have lung cancer found that often those people smoke cigarettes. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

There is probably a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Peer-reviewed journal article

article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) withexpertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it isaccepted for publication

cross-sectional research

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

inductive reasoning

conclusions are drawn from observations

generalize

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

double-blind study

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

single-blind study

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimentalgroup and which are in the control group

inter-rater reliability

means of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

random assignment

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

archival research

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

deception

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct __________ and random group assignment.

random sampling

attrition

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

correlation

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

control group

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

longitudinal research

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

Participants

subjects of psychological research

sample

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

random sample

subset of larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

confirmation bias

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

negative correlation

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation

positive correlation

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

Survey

list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencilquestionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect datafrom a large number of people

population

overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

statistical analysis

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

Your Openstax textbook and this course provide information about the The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University which can assist with __________.

APA writing guidelines

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892

American psychological association

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

Confounding

One of the founders of Howard University's department of psychology and because of his accomplishments, sometimes referred to as the "Father of black psychology"

Francis Sumner

falsifiable

able to be disproven by experimental results

validity

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

insertional review board (IRB)

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that review proposals for research involving participants

cause-and-effect relationships

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

reliability

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

Operational definition

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

empirical

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

experimental group

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

A tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called a __________.

hypothesis

Professor Diaz and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, type of play is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

no play

correlation coefficient

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

fact

objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

naturalistic observation

observation of behavior in its natural setting

clinical or case study

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

placebo effect

people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

Opinion

personal judgments, conclusions or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

informed consent

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research and then obtaining the person's consent to participate

replicate

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability

experimenter bias

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

deductive reasoning

results are predicted based on a general promise

Illusory correlation

seeings relationships between two things when in reality no such relationships exists

confounding variable

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

independent variable

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

dependent variable

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

Theory

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

debriefing

when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

observer bias

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations