Psych - Unit 2
The first African American woman to earn a PhD in psychology, she influenced the outcome of Brown V. Board of education
Inez Beverly Prosser
She made a career of conducting naturalistic observations of chimpanzee behavior.
Jane Goodall
The first woman to earn a PhD in psychology, her research focused on behavior and cognition
Margaret Floy Washburn
A preeminent first-generation American psychologist who opposed the behaviorist movement, conducted significant research into memory, and established one of the earliest experimental psychology labs in the US
Mary Whitton Caulkins
The ______ effect occurs when a person's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation
Placebo
A group of students are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.
Replication
His views set the stage for much of the psychological thinking today, such as the unconscious nature of the majority of the psychological proces
Sigmund Freud
A research study surveying people who have lung cancer found that often those people smoke cigarettes. This research alone demonstrates that ________.
There is probably a relationship between smoking and lung cancer
Peer-reviewed journal article
article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) withexpertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it isaccepted for publication
cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
inductive reasoning
conclusions are drawn from observations
generalize
inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population
double-blind study
experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments
single-blind study
experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimentalgroup and which are in the control group
inter-rater reliability
means of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
random assignment
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
archival research
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
deception
purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct __________ and random group assignment.
random sampling
attrition
reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
correlation
relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
control group
serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
longitudinal research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
Participants
subjects of psychological research
sample
subset of individuals selected from the larger population
random sample
subset of larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
confirmation bias
tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
negative correlation
two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation
positive correlation
two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
Survey
list of questions to be answered by research participants—given as paper-and-pencilquestionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally—allowing researchers to collect datafrom a large number of people
population
overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in
statistical analysis
determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
Your Openstax textbook and this course provide information about the The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University which can assist with __________.
APA writing guidelines
This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892
American psychological association
A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
Confounding
One of the founders of Howard University's department of psychology and because of his accomplishments, sometimes referred to as the "Father of black psychology"
Francis Sumner
falsifiable
able to be disproven by experimental results
validity
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
insertional review board (IRB)
committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that review proposals for research involving participants
cause-and-effect relationships
changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design
reliability
consistency and reproducibility of a given result
Operational definition
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
empirical
grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
experimental group
group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
A tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called a __________.
hypothesis
Professor Diaz and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, type of play is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.
no play
correlation coefficient
number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
fact
objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research
naturalistic observation
observation of behavior in its natural setting
clinical or case study
observational research study focusing on one or a few people
placebo effect
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
Opinion
personal judgments, conclusions or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
informed consent
process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research and then obtaining the person's consent to participate
replicate
repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability
experimenter bias
researcher expectations skew the results of the study
deductive reasoning
results are predicted based on a general promise
Illusory correlation
seeings relationships between two things when in reality no such relationships exists
confounding variable
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
independent variable
variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group
dependent variable
variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
Theory
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
debriefing
when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion
observer bias
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations