Psych unit 9

according to jean piaget, children cease to exhibit ego centrism during which of the following stages

concrete operational

The results of Harry Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys and surrogate mothers show that

contact comfort was the primary basis for attachment for the infant monkeys

which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium

homeostasis

Of the following cognitive milestones, which ability tends to be acquired last?

hypothetical thinking

Gender typing is best described as

the acquisition of the roles associated with distinctions between male and female

according to noam chomsky, understanding a sentence involves which of the following transformations between linguistic structures

surface to deep

Stanely Schacter's explanation of emotions places emphasis on

a cognitive appraisal of physical arousal

The fact that imprinting is most certain to occur if the opportunity for imprinting is presented to the organism at a very specific age indicates the existence of

a critical period

Research suggest that the ability to cope with stress in everyday situations is closely related to a persons

ability to predict/control potential stressors

A child believes that all birds can fly, yet comes to realize that a penguin is a bird. Which of the following terms was used by Jean Piaget to refer to this developmental process of changing one's ways of thinking in order to incorporate new information?

accomodation

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?

amygdala

In Jean Plagets theory of cognitive development which of the following exemplifies the concept of accommodation

an infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful

Noam Chomsky hypothesized that humans learn language through

an innate language acquisition device

Maturation differs from learning in that developmental changes due to maturation

are relatively independent of environmental factors

Of the following which theory of motivation emphasizes the urge for an optimal level of stimulation

arousal

A mother gives her child an orange for the first time. The child rolls it across the table and says, "ball." Which of the following Piagetian processes would account for this behavior?

assimilation

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's

attachment

Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?

attention

psychologist characterize parents who consistently demand their children's compliance w/o discussion as

authoritarian

which parenting style is characterized by high demands for obedience and low warmth?

authoritarian

the schachter-singer theory of emotion includes a component not discussed in the james-lange theory. what is this component

cognitive labeling

which of the following theories suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

drive reduction

which of the following is the phrase of Hans Seyle's general adaptation syndrome wherein individuals are most vulnerable to illness, collapse, and even death

exhaustion

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of

external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

prescholers often have trouble buttoning shirts due to less-developed

fine motor skills

A fifty-two-year-old woman notices a decrease in her ability to solve unfamiliar problems quickly and to form new concepts, although she still feels confident in recalling and using familiar information. This is most likely due to a decline in

fluid intelligence

Hypothetical and deductive thinking are characteristic of which of jeane Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

formal operations

seven year old maria helps her mother wash the dishes while her nine year old brother helps their father with the farm work. this involvement of the children in helping activities directly illustrates the process of

gender-role development

which psychologist reported that infant attatchment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment

harry harlow

which of the following did erick erickson say was the primary conflict through which a teenager needs to work

identity versus the role confusion

according to erik erikson, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage

integrity vs. despair

an animal will gain weight when

its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

Researcher Renee Baillargeon found that four-month-old infants will look longer at a ball if it appears to roll through a solid barrier, demonstrating that babies seem to grasp basic physical laws intuitively. Which of the following theories does this finding challenge?

jean piagets theory of cognitive development

According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, what is the relation between language and cognition

language shapes cultures concepts of though processes

Modern research on jean piagets stages of cognitive development indicates that

piaget underestimated children's abilities

which gland of the endocrine system controls the activities of other glands?

pituitary

a "conscientious objector" (someone who refuses to be drafted to fight in a war because of their morals) refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. his reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlbergs theory of moral development?

post conventional

primary sex characteristics includes which of the following?

presence of ovaries

people who have difficulty rememberng recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of

proactive interference

carol gilligan, in her criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg, proposed that the moral reasoning of males is primarily based on

rational abstract principles whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on relationships and social context

Jeremy happily played with his colorful blocks while his mother was nearby. When his mother left the room, he became upset, but he quickly stopped crying and began to play with the blocks again. When his mother returned, he greeted her happily. Which of the following patterns of attachment reflects Jeremy's actions?

secure

After constant exposure to a stimulus, our nerve cells fire less frequently. This can be explained by which of the following?

sensory adaptation

Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following?

sensory adaptation

According to Erik Eriksons theory of development, the key focus of early adulthood is

sharing intimacy with another

Mary Ainsworths research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following, for the first tie

show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns

which of the following best describes/explains the different emotional dispositions of infants?

temperament

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls

socio-cultural "display rules"

In baby X studies, researchers alternately dressed an infant in typical boys' or girls' clothing. Adults who were asked to play with the infant treated the baby in boys' clothing in a generally rougher manner than when asked to play with the same infant dressed in girls' clothing. this behavior is a result of

stereotyping

The experience of an emotion, as described by the James-Lange theory, follows which order

stimulus, arousal, emotion

Alexandra wants to test her new baby's Babinski reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to

stroke the sole of her babys feet

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes

According to Lawrence Kohlberg children at the first level of moral reasoning make judgement about right and wrong on the basis of

the likelihood of punishment

Research on a critical period during the acquisition of second languages indicates that which of the following statements is true?

the older an individual is, the more difficult he/she will have with second-language pronunciation

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles?

the over justification effect

which of the following findings about emotions is well-supported by research

there are several universal emotions

According to David McCelland which of the following is true of individuals who have a strong need for achievement

they seek out tasks that are moderately difficult

in elizabeth loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of auto accident, the major influence on recall was

wording of the question the students were asked about the accident

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk used a visual cliff with a glass-covered drop off to examine behavior in crawling infants. Even when coaxed by their mothers to crawl out onto the glass covering, most infants refused to do so, indicating that they have developed which of the following

depth perception

which of the following is the most common symptom of dementia

deterioration in memory

which of the following is reduced during flight or fight reaction

digestion

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

drive reduction

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by

negative reinforcement

A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of

object permanence

theta is in a clothing store with her mother. a man walks by and passes behind a clothing rack. theta looks for him on the other side of the rack. her behavior shows that she has developed

object permanence

when 10 month old frances throws her toys out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that frances' behavior indicates that she has developed

object permanence

which of the following sets of concepts in central to social learning theory?

observation, imitation, and modeling

An example of episodic memory is the memory of

one's high school graduation

Two-year-old Jia tells her grandmother that she "sweeped" the floor yesterday. The scenario illustrates that children

overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules

When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as

permissive