psych

Today, psychologists believe that mental processes

arise from electrical and chemical activities of the brain.

An experiment allows a scientist to uncover _____ relationships between variables.

casual

A _____ is a sensory input from the environment

stimulus

The American Psychological Association was formed in:

1892 on the campus of Clark University.

In which year did the first non-White person become president of the American Psychological Association?

1970

In an article entitled "Mapping the Backbone of Science," Kevin Boyack and his colleagues (2005) identified how many hub sciences?

7

_____ stresses the importance of studying observable behaviors and generally ignores the mental processes involved in different tasks.

Behaviorism

_____ is the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.

Cognitive psychology

A spiritual leader believes that the soul and the body are fundamentally different from each other, but are linked via a special structure in the brain. His beliefs are similar to those of

Descartes

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology

Francis Cecil Sumner

When you go to a movie theater that uses film projection, you might see the fast movement of a superhero flying through the air. What you are really seeing is a series of still photographs flashed quickly onto the screen. What area of psychology studied this phenomenon?

Gestalt

What did Donald Broadbent's studies on pilots reveal about attention?

It is limited.

Which early neuropsychologist trained rats to run mazes, surgically removed parts of their brains, and then measured how well they could run the maze again?

Karl Lashley

The first member of a minority group to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was

Kenneth Clark

Who was the first non-White president of the American Psychological Association?

Kenneth Clark

A teacher praises a student for asking a good question. Which psychologist would state that the effect of praise on subsequent behavior depended on the student's subjective experience of it?

Kurt Lewin

Why was the advent of the computer so important for the development of cognitive psychology?

Psychologists surmised that the brain is roughly analogous to a computer and could be studied in a similar manner.

A psychological approach that stressed a person's potential for positive growth was developed by:

Rogers and Maslow.

Fred and Yvonne notice that their ten-year-old daughter is beginning to use sexually explicit profanity. The parents think that their daughter's friends might be rewarding her swearing with attention and laughter. Their thinking reflects a _____ perspective.

Skinnerian

The establishment of the first psychology laboratory by _____ launched the beginning of psychology as an independent field of study.

Wilhelm Wundt

A participant seated in an otherwise dark room stares at the flickering of a lit candle and reports on her subjective experiences, such as the visual experience of the candle flickering and the hepatic sensation of warmth. The psychologist conducting this experiment is most likely to be _____, and the method being used is _____.

Wundt; introspection

William James viewed consciousness as similar to

a flowing stream.

Which phrase BEST defines the word "theory"?

a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon

"You don't know what she thinks, but you know how she acts." This statement characterizes which approach

behaviorism

An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior is called:

behaviorism.

Hermann von Helmholtz is most remembered for:

being the first to measure the speed of a nervous impulse

Psychoanalysis focuses on:

bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness.

Gary, a 16-year-old, is suffering from severe depression. Of these professionals, Gary should receive treatment from a:

clinical psychologist

Kerrie wants to understand how perceptions, beliefs, and memories activate different regions in the brain. Which field of psychology would you suggest Kerrie explore?

cognitive neuroscience

Jon is a psychologist interested in figuring out where learning takes place in the brain. He would probably describe himself as a:

cognitive neuroscientist.

Researchers have been unable to pinpoint one cause of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. There are several factors that can contribute to the existence of the disorder. Not only might each of these factors have a direct impact on the disorder, but they may interact with and affect one another in countless different ways. This is a good example of the _____ of people that makes humans difficult to study.

complexity

To better understand the Nazi atrocities that occurred during the Holocaust, social psychologists began to study:

conformity and obedience.

Psychology was initially focused on _____ and analyzing the subjective feelings and thoughts of a person's experiences.

consciousness

Psychologist Kurt Lewin believed that stimulus-response psychology was too simplistic to predict human behavior. In his theories, he inserted which terms between stimulus and response?

construal of the stimulus

he belief that one can obtain accurate knowledge about the causes of human behavior by observing people behaving in different situations exemplifies:

empiricism

The case of Elliot, as documented by Damasio (1994), suggests that:

even negative emotions such as anxiety and sorrow have adaptive functions.

B. F. Skinner's ideas were controversial due to his denial of:

free will

Emotions are complex in nature. Some philosophers have argued that emotions have evolved to help species adapt to their environment. This view of emotions is BEST illustrated by what approach?

functionalism

Which school of psychology was most concerned with the adaptive importance of mental processes

functionalism

William James was a noted:

functionalist.

Random sampling is MOST closely associated with:

generability

In an article entitled "Mapping the Backbone of Science," Kevin Boyack and his colleagues (2005) characterized psychology as a(n) _____ science.

hub

Which area of psychology was associated with identifying the full scope of positive human potential?

humanism

The term "patient" is to psychoanalysis as the term "client" is to

humanism.

Lawrence believes that all people have high aspirations and can reach their full potential. Lawrence's beliefs are MOST closely aligned with _____ psychology.

humanistic

The branch of psychology that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is called:

humanistic.

The _____ approach to psychotherapy has a much more positive view of human nature than the _____ view.

humanistic; psychoanalytic

The American Psychological Association was formed:

in 1892 on the campus of Clark University.

Jeff thinks it would be beneficial for his employees to attend a seminar on how to become more productive at work. Which type of psychologist would conduct this seminar?

industrial/organizational psychologist

By asking people to pay attention to and record their feelings and perceptions of an event, Wilhelm Wundt used the method of _____ to analyze the basic elements of the mind.

introspection

Noam Chomsky's rebuttal of B. F. Skinner's ideas on _____ helped to bring cognitive psychology to the forefront

language

By studying pilots, Donald Broadbent investigated the:

limited capacity of the mind to handle incoming information.

In order for a study to be a true experiment, a researcher must _____ one of the variables of interest and _____ the effect on a second variable.

manipulate; measure

If a measure is valid, it:

measure what it intends to measure and is consistent, has power

The problem of dualism refers to how

mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behavior

In the early 1940s, the pressing need of the _____ for more research on attention, memory, and decision making was an early impetus behind the movement away from behaviorism

military

Psychology is the scientific study of

mind and behavior.

The functionalist approach was MOST influenced by the theory of:

natural selection

William James's functional approach to psychology was influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of:

natural selection.

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Behavior refers to

observable actions of humans and nonhuman animals

By utilizing brain scanning, cognitive neuroscientists can:

observe and identify brain activity associated with specific tasks

Some early philosophers believed that all knowledge was acquired through experience, an idea now known as:

philosophical empiricism

The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in physiology and in:

philosophy

Response is to stimulus as the:

pressing of the brakes is to a red traffic light.

The French physician Paul Broca discovered a brain region that was associated with the

production of speech

Cliff's therapist prescribes Xanax to treat his anxiety. Cliff's therapist is probably a:

psychiatrist.

The theory that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors is called:

psychoanalytic theory.

Carrie is working with a patient to uncover the patient's early experiences as well as trying to bring unconscious anxieties and conflicts into awareness. Carrie is using which approach to work with her patient?

psychoanalytical

Jamie suffered a stroke and damaged her Broca's area. Jamie will have problems:

reading out loud.

In Pavlov's research, dogs' salivation is an example of a:

response

George Miller discovered that we can briefly hold in memory only about _____ (give or take two) pieces of information at any given time.

seven

Historical events such as Nazism and the Holocaust helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology?

social psychology

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality is called:

social psychology.

If you are having trouble finding your cat, you may try shaking the can that contains its treats. The sound of the treats as you shake the can would be a:

stimulus.

In Pavlov's classic experiment, the sound of a tone was the _____ that produced a(n) _____ of salivating in dogs, even in the absence of food

stimulus; response

Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing the basic elements comprising consciousness, an approach he called:

structuralism.

Kayla doesn't know it yet, but she has just contracted a stomach virus from her roommate, Beverly. Kayla puts on a new dress and goes on a first date with Jermaine, where they eat oysters. Later that night, Kayla becomes violently ill. Kayla is most likely to associate the sickness with:

the oysters.

Freud's study of patients with hysteria was MOST useful for understanding:

the unconscious mind.

Gestalt psychologists believed that:

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Freud termed the _____ as the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions.

unconscious

The _____ was theorized by Sigmund Freud as having the ability to influence people's thoughts, feelings, and actions without their awareness.

unconscious

When naturalistic observation is NOT an option, which is the best technique to avoid demand characteristics?

use a double blind design

According to the textbook, what three things make people especially difficult to study?

variability, reactivity, and complexity

Many researchers use this method when they are given the opportunity to study a person who has unique characteristics.

case method