PSYCHOLOGY 101 Chapter 1
Blank refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.
Observer bias
The idea that sexual orientation may be related to the birth order of male children was posited by researchers in the field of
biopsychology.
In a double-blind experiment, blank are kept unaware of which participants are in the control group(s) and which participants are in the experimental group(s).
both the researchers and the participants
The largest subfield of psychology is
clinical.
Today, Gestalt ideas are part of which branch of psychology?
cognitive psychology
The first step in the scientific method is
perceiving the question.
By making a loud noise when "Little Albert" was presented with a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats. This proved that
phobias could be learned through condition
An institutional review board (IRB) reviews a study's
safety and consideration for the research participants.
The belief that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations is known as
structuralism.
In the Wesleyan University study of male college athletes, the control group consisted of
students who answered the high threat question after taking the test.
Which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans?
studying long-term effects is much easier.
Dr. Saltman presents the question, "At what age does the average American college student experience his/her first sexual encounter?" Dr. Saltman's question might be best addressed through the use of which of the following research methods?
survey
What is the main advantage of laboratory observation?
the degree of control it gives to the researcherd
Blank is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is more often the best one.
the law of parsimony.
Because psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use blank to study psychology.
the scientific method
Researchers use blank for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.
the scientific method
The four goals of psychology are accomplished through
the scientific method.
Professor Robinson is interested in examining how study breaks influence memory. She allows one group of psychology students to take a single 15 minute break while another group of psychology students take three 5 minute breaks. What is the dependent variable in this example?
the students' memory of the material
In a negative correlation,
the two variables have an inverse relationship.
One drawback to the survey method is
the way in which a question is worded can affect the answer.
Which of the following is the strongest correlation?
-.93 (closest to 1)
Animals are used in about blank percent of all psychological studies.
7
The theory of operant conditioning was developed by
B. F. Skinner.
Which of the following is true about Gestalt psychology?
It focused on perception of patterns and whole figures and events.
Which of the following is true of doing research with people?
Participants sometimes react in unexpected ways to the manipulations in an experiment.
Within the field of psychology, mental processes refer to
all internal, covert activity of our minds.
In the Wesleyan University study of male college athletes, the experimental group consisted of students who
answered the high threat question before taking the test.
A drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is given a sugar pill. This type of study is
double-blind.
Consider the following statement: "Women avoid computer science because it is stereotypically dominated by males. This, in turn, leads many women to feel that the field is not accessible to them." This is an example of a(n)
explanation.
The psychological perspective that is associated with William James is
functionalism.
The bystander effect says that people in a crowd are _______ help someone in trouble as compared to a person witnessing someone in need of help in the absence of others.
less likely to
Psychologists in the counseling specialization
must be licensed to practice in their states.
Studying children's interactions by watching them play on the school playground is an example of
naturalistic observation.
Wundt referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as
objective introspection
When Mary took the survey in the mall, she noticed that the interviewer was wearing a campaign button for the mayor. She answered the questions about the mayor more favorably than she might otherwise have, probably because
of courtesy bias.
A(n) ________ specifically names the steps that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment.
operational definition
Mrs. O'Connor participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill, but she believed that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as the
placebo effect.
What do we call two variables that increase in the same direction?
positive correlation
A doctor informs the parents of a 14 year old that, without hospitalization, her anorexia nervosa will worsen and cause grave medical conditions. The doctor is making a(n)
prediction.
A blank has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
psychiatrist
Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious minds. To which perspective does Mary ascribe?
psychodynamic
A professional who holds a doctoral degree but has not attended medical school and may work in a wide number of vocational settings would be a
psychologist.
In an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by
using random assignment.
