PSYCHOLOGY 101 Chapter 1

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Blank refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.

Observer bias

The idea that sexual orientation may be related to the birth order of male children was posited by researchers in the field of

biopsychology.

In a double-blind experiment, blank are kept unaware of which participants are in the control group(s) and which participants are in the experimental group(s).

both the researchers and the participants

The largest subfield of psychology is

clinical.

Today, Gestalt ideas are part of which branch of psychology?

cognitive psychology

The first step in the scientific method is

perceiving the question.

By making a loud noise when "Little Albert" was presented with a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats. This proved that

phobias could be learned through condition

An institutional review board (IRB) reviews a study's

safety and consideration for the research participants.

The belief that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations is known as

structuralism.

In the Wesleyan University study of male college athletes, the control group consisted of

students who answered the high threat question after taking the test.

Which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans?

studying long-term effects is much easier.

Dr. Saltman presents the question, "At what age does the average American college student experience his/her first sexual encounter?" Dr. Saltman's question might be best addressed through the use of which of the following research methods?

survey

What is the main advantage of laboratory observation?

the degree of control it gives to the researcherd

Blank is the rule of thumb stating that if there are two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest explanation is more often the best one.

the law of parsimony.

Because psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use blank to study psychology.

the scientific method

Researchers use blank for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.

the scientific method

The four goals of psychology are accomplished through

the scientific method.

Professor Robinson is interested in examining how study breaks influence memory. She allows one group of psychology students to take a single 15 minute break while another group of psychology students take three 5 minute breaks. What is the dependent variable in this example?

the students' memory of the material

In a negative correlation,

the two variables have an inverse relationship.

One drawback to the survey method is

the way in which a question is worded can affect the answer.

Which of the following is the strongest correlation?

-.93 (closest to 1)

Animals are used in about blank percent of all psychological studies.

7

The theory of operant conditioning was developed by

B. F. Skinner.

Which of the following is true about Gestalt psychology?

It focused on perception of patterns and whole figures and events.

Which of the following is true of doing research with people?

Participants sometimes react in unexpected ways to the manipulations in an experiment.

Within the field of psychology, mental processes refer to

all internal, covert activity of our minds.

In the Wesleyan University study of male college athletes, the experimental group consisted of students who

answered the high threat question before taking the test.

A drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is given a sugar pill. This type of study is

double-blind.

Consider the following statement: "Women avoid computer science because it is stereotypically dominated by males. This, in turn, leads many women to feel that the field is not accessible to them." This is an example of a(n)

explanation.

The psychological perspective that is associated with William James is

functionalism.

The bystander effect says that people in a crowd are _______ help someone in trouble as compared to a person witnessing someone in need of help in the absence of others.

less likely to

Psychologists in the counseling specialization

must be licensed to practice in their states.

Studying children's interactions by watching them play on the school playground is an example of

naturalistic observation.

Wundt referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as

objective introspection

When Mary took the survey in the mall, she noticed that the interviewer was wearing a campaign button for the mayor. She answered the questions about the mayor more favorably than she might otherwise have, probably because

of courtesy bias.

A(n) ________ specifically names the steps that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment.

operational definition

Mrs. O'Connor participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill, but she believed that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as the

placebo effect.

What do we call two variables that increase in the same direction?

positive correlation

A doctor informs the parents of a 14 year old that, without hospitalization, her anorexia nervosa will worsen and cause grave medical conditions. The doctor is making a(n)

prediction.

A blank has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

psychiatrist

Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious minds. To which perspective does Mary ascribe?

psychodynamic

A professional who holds a doctoral degree but has not attended medical school and may work in a wide number of vocational settings would be a

psychologist.

In an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by

using random assignment.


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