Psychology 1301 - DBU BEALE Test 3

_____ are ways of organizing related pieces of information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general.

Hierarchies

_____ memory is the trace memory of a visual sensation.

Iconic

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

_____ is the ability to take in, solidify, store, and then use information.

Memory

A(n) _____ is a chain of linkages between related concepts.

associative network

Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes?

auditory

Negative punishment can be defined as

the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior

In the late 19th century, Mary Whiton Calkins observed an interesting phenomenon of short-term memory called

the serial position effect.

In the context of short-term memory, the process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units is known as

chunking

For which state of long-term memory formation is sleep vital?

consolidation

Giving a dog a treat every time it jumps on command is an example of

continuous reinforcement.

Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require _____ processing but not _____ processing.

effortful; automatic

How do psychologists define learning?

enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully?

extraversion

Not attending lecture after taking an exam is an example of a

fixed-interval (FI) schedule.

In the context of forming memories, a(n) _____ is defined as a detailed snapshot memory of what we were doing when we first heard of a major, public, and emotionally charged event.

flashbulb memory

Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory?

having experiences repeated over a short period of time

People who can recall in considerable detail personal events from almost any day of their adolescent and adult life are said to have

highly superior autobiographical memory.

The repeated firing of neural impulses necessary to convert a short-term memory into a long-term one occurs mostly in the

hippocampus

The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called

latent learning.

In the context of brain functions, _____ is defined as the strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when a synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron.

long-term potentiation

Smoking can cause the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and mild relaxation of the muscles. From a learning perspective these are considered

positive reinforcers.

The _____ is the region of the brain that plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory.

prefrontal cortex

In the context of long-term memory, _____ is defined as a kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned.

procedural memory

According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the central executive will have trouble _____ in people who have sustained damage to their frontal lobes.

screening out irrelevant information from the environment

If a sports car is always shown in commercials with sexy, attractive individuals, then it becomes linked in memory with something that is inherently desirable. The car itself becomes a(n) ________ reinforcer because of its association with sex

secondary

In the levels-of-processing model of memory and recall, which is the deepest level of processing?

semantic

In the context of word-recall studies, _____ is the deepest level of processing.

semantic processing

The ________ refers to a period in learning when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation.

sensitivity period

Learning occurs when information moves from

short-term to long-term memory

According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior—how people become smokers in the first place—is perhaps best explained by

social learning theory.

_____ processing happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task.

Automatic

________ reinforcers are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning.

Secondary

Which of the following best describes habituation?

a change in response that stems from experience

The beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. The removal of the annoying beeping is ________ for fastening the seat belt.

negative reinforcement

Forward conditioning occurs when the

neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

Substance use and abuse can be learned through

operant conditioning

In the context of the serial position effect, the recall for items at the end of a list is known as the

recency effect.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, salivation is a ________, an automatic response to a particular stimulus (food) that requires no learning.

reflex

Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ________ for their smoking behavior.

reinforcer