patho week 13
An elderly male patient states that he is unable to gain satisfactory sexual intercourse because he is not able to maintain an erection. The nurse understands that the underlying problem of inability to maintain an erection is llikely due to which physiologic problem?
impaired blood flow
A client has developed priapism. For which outcome is this client at risk?
impotence
The nurse is explaining the process of conception to a group of middle-school students and points out that fertilization occurs:
in the middle to outer portion of the fallopian tube.
The nurse is teaching a patient with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) about the condition. Which of the following statements by the patient indicates a need for further instruction?
"I developed this as a result of a sexually transmitted infection."
A client diagnosed with endometriosis asks the nurse how it is that she did not know about this when she had it for so long. What is the nurse's best response?
"Its symptoms mimic those of other disorders "
What should the nurse teach the client about assessing for possible breast cancer?
"Perform monthly self-breast exams after menses."
A pregnant patient asks the nurse what is causing her lower leg edema, nausea, and constipation that she is experiencing. Which of the following is the nurse's best response?
"The increase in progesterone during pregnancy is most likely the cause of these discomforts."
The nurse is teaching a female client who has been prescribed hormone therapy. The client asks,, "What does this medication do?" Which of the following is an appropriate response by the nurse?
"This medication will help relieve hot flashes and other adverse symptoms of menopause."
A patient with vulvodynia tells the nurse, "This is not getting better. I just can't live like this." What is the best response by the nurse?
"What bothers you the most about your condition?"
What is a primary intervention for the nurse to implement for a client with pelvic inflammatory disease ?
Administer antibiotic therapy.
The nurse is caring for a forty-eight-year-old female client who asks, "How do you know when you have reached menopause?" Which of the following is an appropriate response by the nurse?
"You are considered to be menopausal when you have not menstruated for a full year and the hormone that fluctuates with menstruation no longer fluctuates."
A female patient with uterine prolapse asks the nurse about treatment options. Which of the following responses by the nurse is appropriate?
"You may need surgery to support your uterus."
A client who has been diagnosed with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) asks if there is anything to help alleviate the symptoms. The best response would be:
A client who has been diagnosed with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) asks if there is anything to help alleviate the symptoms. The best response would be:
The nurse suspects which of the following female clients may be at risk for infertility?
A long distance runner
An 18-month-old boy is diagnosed with cryptorchidism. Based on this diagnosis, which of the following does the nurse expect to observe during the physical assessment?
Absence of the testis in the scrotum bilaterally
Select the structure primarily responsible for the secretions of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin.
Anterior pituitary gland
Following a long history of intermittent back pain and urinary urgency, a 50-year-old client has been diagnosed with chronic bacterial prostatitis. Which of the following factors is most likely to influence his healthcare provider's choice of treatment?
Antibacterial drugs penetrate poorly into the chronically inflamed prostate.
A client has developed a 5-cm Bartholin cyst and is experiencing pain, tenderness, and dyspareunia. Which treatment regimen(s) is commonly prescribed for this condition? Select all that apply.
Antibiotics Moist heat applications Drainage of cyst
A client who has a history of untreated cervicitis tells the nurse that she is concerned about the risk of experiencing problems with fertility. The nurse explains that problems may result from:
Ascending infection of the fallopian tubes
A female client's assessment identifies symptoms of dyspareunia and burning. The nurse is aware that the client may have developed:
Atrophic vaginitis
A patient complains of not being able to experience satisfactory sexual intercourse. The nurse knows that erectile dysfunction is now recognized as a marker for which of the following?
Cardiovascular disease
A female patient informs the nurse that she had intercourse yesterday evening and is wondering if she could become pregnant. She asks the nurse that if she was pregnant, where it would be located at present. Which of the following should the nurse tell the patient?
Fertilization normally occurs in the middle to outer portion of the Fallopian tube.
The endocrine system is highly involved in the female reproductive system. Which hormones are used to stimulate the primordial follicles?
FSh and LH
A nurse educator is explaining the process of sexual intercourse, fertilization, and fetal development to a high school biology class. What process should the nurse describe?
Fertilization in the outer portion of the fallopian tube
A client has just become pregnant and there is a consequent increase in secretions from the columnar epithelium of her endocervix. What effect will this have?
Formation of a mucoid plug to protect her uterus
A woman with a regular 28-day menstrual cycle wishes to become pregnant. At which point in the menstrual cycle is the optimal time for intercourse to end in fertilization of the ovum?
Fourteenth day after menses begins
The nurse is caring for a client with lichen simplex chronicus. What assessment finding does the nurse expect?
Gray-white plaques with an irregular surface
A school nurse is providing an informational session about the prevention of cervical cancer in young girls and women. The most important information for the nurse to present would be:
HPV vaccine before becoming sexually active
There are two types of vulvar cancer. One type is found in older women, and one type is found in younger women, generally less than 40 years of age. What is the type found in younger women thought to be caused by?
Human papillomavirus
Which of the following factors in a patient's history is most likely related to the diagnosis of cervical squamous dysplasia?
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
A patient calls the clinic and informs the nurse that he has sustained an erection for 3 hours and that it is extremely painful. The patient has a history of sickle cell disease and this has not happened to him in the past. Which of the following should the nurse instruct the patient about?
If the patient does not seek medical attention, impotence may result.
The hormone progesterone is metabolized in which organ?
Liver
The nurse is reviewing laboratory values of a seventy-year-old female client and observes the client's low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) level is elevated. The nurse understands a possible reason for this is which of the following?
Long-term estrogen deprivation
A woman reports to the primary healthcare provider that she experiences monthly changes before her menstrual cycle. Which of the following statements demonstrates understanding of premenstrual disorders?
Many women report premenstrual emotional or physical changes.
The ovaries have a dual function. The nurse is able to explain to the patient that any problems with the ovaries frequently cause which of the following problems?
Menstrual and fertility problems
What are the small bumps or projections on the areolar surface called?
Montgomery tubercles or glands
A 13-year-old patient undergoing puberty is alarmed to find small, white bumps surrounding the areolae on her nipples. You reassure her that these are a normal sign of her sexual maturation and tell her that they are which of the following?
Montgomery's tubercles
A patient is diagnosed with vulvar carcinoma, which appears as an inconspicuous thickening of the skin resembling eczema or dermatitis and may produce few symptoms other than pruritus, local discomfort, and exudation. The nurse understands that the cancer metastasizes readily through which mode?
Multiple lymph channels
A newly pregnant woman reports to the nurse that her breasts are excessively tender and that her areolae and nipples are becoming darker and more prominent. The nurse should describe which cause of these changes?
Normal changes of pregnancy due to increased levels of estrogen and progesterone.
A female client is being evaluated for abdominal pain and unusual menstrual bleeding. What factors in their history will the nurse identify as increasing the risk for endometrial cancer? Select all that apply.
Obesity Estrogen therapy Diabetes mellitus Polycystic ovary syndrome
A female patient presents to her primary care physician with a report of very heavy bleeding during menstrual cycles. Tests indicate the condition is not from a hormone imbalance. Which of the following intervention options is least invasive?
Oral contraceptives
A 27-year-old male developed mumps and was ill for several days. The patient suddenly developed a fever and painful enlargement of the testes approximately 4 days after recovering. Which of the following should the nurse suspect has developed?
Orchitis
`The nurse providing teaching about the female reproductive system includes which of the following?
Ovaries are responsible for ovulation and hormone production.
A patient has been diagnosed with a Bartholin gland cyst. The nurse expects the patient may experience which symptoms if this becomes infected?
Pain, tenderness, and dyspareunia
A client is concerned about having mumps orchitis and asks the nurse about the symptoms. Which is the nurse's best response?
Painful enlargement of the testes with fever 3 days after infection
The nurse knows that which of the following structures are a part of the male reproductive system? Select all that apply.
Pair of gonads Seminiferous tubules Prostate gland
A 29-year-old female client has been diagnosed with fibrocystic breasts. The nurse should assess the client for which symptoms associated with fibrotic changes? Select all that apply.
Palpable breast masses that change during the menstrual cycle Breast pain or discomfort
A couple has been trying to get pregnant for over two years. After infertility testing, the physician has informed the male that he has a low sperm count. The nurse knows which of the following causes of low sperm count may lead to impaired spermatogenesis? Select all that apply.
Prolonged fever. Wearing tight briefs rather than boxers. Undescended testes.
Endometriosis is the condition in which endometrial tissue is found growing outside the uterus in the pelvic cavity. What are risk factors for endometriosis?
Periods longer than 5 days and increased menstrual pain
The nurse is caring for a client with sickle cell crisis. For which of these urologic complications does the nurse observe?
Priapism
Which hormone is responsible for breast development and the increase in body temperature that occurs with ovulation?
Progesterone
A nurse who works on a urology--gynecology ward of a hospital is coming on shift and will be caring for a 34-year-old woman who has been admitted overnight for the treatment of endometriosis. Which interventions should the nurse most realistically anticipate providing over the course of the shift and the next several days?
Providing pain control; preparing the client for a laparoscopic procedure or hysterectomy
The nurse is caring for a 34 year-old woman undergoing treatment for large endometrial lesions. What interventions should the nurse anticipate providing the client?
Providing pain control; preparing the client for a laparoscopic procedure or hysterectomy.
A female client tells the nurse she felt a lump in her breast during her last self-breast exam. Which additional manifestations of the lump correspond to a diagnosis of cancer? Select all that apply.
Puckering Nipple retraction Discharge
The nurse is caring for a client with acute superficial balanitis. The nurse assesses for which of these signs or symptoms, consistent with the diagnosis?
Redness of the glans penis and malodorous discharge
A female client experiencing hot flashes during perimenopause asks the nurse about hormone therapy (HT). Which is the appropriate response by the nurse?
Short term HT can be used to reduce symptoms.
A 14-year-old boy has been brought to the emergency department by his mother in excruciating pain that is radiating from his scrotum to his inguinal area. The boy's heart rate is 122 beats per minute and he has vomited twice before arrival at the hospital. Examination reveals that his scrotum is reddened and slightly swollen and the testes are firm to touch and tender, with extensive cremaster muscle contraction noted. What is the boy's most likely diagnosis?
Testicular torsion
The nursing instructor is teaching the class about the male hormone testosterone. Which statement made by a student indicates a need for further instruction?
Testosterone does not have any effect on development of increased musculature during puberty
In the male reproductive system, negative feedback regulates the circulating level of the gonadotropin hormones due to which hormone?
Testosterone hormone
The nurse is assessing the genitalia of a forty-two-year-old female client diagnosed with a genitourinary disorder. The nurse recognizes which of the following does not describe the normal anatomy of the female genitalia.
The clitoris is located posterior to the urethra.
The cremaster muscles work in concert with the pampiniform plexus that surrounds the testicular artery to:
The cremaster muscles work in concert with the pampiniform plexus that surrounds the testicular artery to:
In the development of the testes, the nurse understands that which of the following can lead to an inguinal hernia later in life?
The inguinal canal has not closed almost completely.
Men who experience enlarged prostate glands often complain of difficulty urinating. The nurse will be able to explain that this symptom is caused by which of the following reasons?
The prostate gland surrounds the urethra and can produce urinary obstruction.
The client is experiencing severe signs of urinary obstruction. The client has an existing diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Which treatment option will the health care provider most likely recommend?
Transurethral prostatectomy
Fibrocystic changes in the breast are not uncommon. How is the diagnosis of fibrocystic changes made?
Ultrasonography and mammography
The nursing student who is studying pathophysiology of the male genitourinary system correctly identifies which to be functions of the penis? Check all that apply.
Urine elimination Sexual function
The nurse is explaining ovulation to a female client. The nurse explains that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are important hormones needed to ovulate and are secreted by which of the following glands?
anterior pituitary
The nurse planning care for a menopausal woman should include interventions to decrease risk for which of the following?
atherosclerosis
The provider should assess which ethnic group for prostate cancer, based on the group having the greatest risk?
black
What can a female client with a palpable breast lump expect as the next diagnostic step if the mass does not appear on mammography?
breast ultrasound
There are many cancers of the female reproductive system. The nursing student knows that the most readily detected and most easily cured if detected early is which of the following?
cervical
A client has been diagnosed with breast cancer following a suspicious mammogram followed by biopsy. The nurse who is planning this client's care should recognize that her prognosis is primarily dependent on the:
extent to which lymph nodes are involved.
The fallopian tubes are narrow tubes that attach bilaterally to the uterus. Within the fallopian tube, fertilization of the ovum takes place. The end of the fallopian tube nearest the ovary is funnel-like. What are the fringed, finger-like projections around the funnel-shaped opening of the fallopian tube called?
fimbrae
When performing a rectal examination of an elderly male client, the nurse practitioner recognizes the the prostate of a client who has prostate cancer is often described in which of these ways?
hard and irregular
The hormone progesterone is metabolized in which organ?
liver
A surgeon is explaining the anatomical structures of the penis during grand rounds. During his explanation the surgeon states that the cremaster muscles work in concert with the pampiniform plexus that surrounds the testicular artery to:
maintain testicular temperature
The nurse is caring for a pregnant client who is experiencing morning sickness. The nurse understands that which of the following is responsible for many of the common discomforts of pregnancy?
progesterone
The nurse is caring for a female client who has just given birth. The nurse knows that the hormone responsible for the client's ability to breastfeed is which of the following?
prolactin
Screening for which of the following disease processes should be done prior to beginning testosterone replacement therapy?
prostate cancer
Which of the following is the most important discharge instruction for a female patient with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?
take all the antibiotics
The nurse is performing a health history of a patient being evaluated for erectile dysfunction. Which of the following places the patient at highest risk for the disorder?
type 2 diabetes