psychology 200 - early childhood

Deion, who is 4 years old, is very surprised when he meets a woman firefighter who comes to his school. He tells her that he thought only men were firefighters. What does this reflect?

Gender stereotyping refers to the overgeneralization about the attitudes, traits, or behaviors of men or women

The Love and Logic approach emphasizes the importance of providing loving support while helping children learn to be respectful and responsible. Which parenting style is similar to the Love and Logic approach?

authoritative

Young children tend to lack the awareness that altering a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties. What is this awareness called?

conservation

the purpose of ______is to increase a behavior

reinforcment

Which of the following reflect what Erikson believed to be the main influence on personality development?

relationships with other individuals

Kodi is 4 years old. Throughout potty training his parents have been harsh and ridiculed him often for mistakes. According to Freud's theory, which of the following is Kodi likely to be as an adult?

stubborn, neat and stingy

Bob and Suze, parents of young Ennis take personal responsibility for their child's successes and failures. With which of Lemasters and Defraine's parenting personas do Bob and Suze's views most closely align?

teacher counselor

Critics of the "participation trophy" effect in children's activities that praise all children's efforts oppose which parenting style posed by Lemasters and Defrain?

teacher-counselor

________ is gross motor skill, while ________ is a fine motor skill.

walking:coloring- Walking involves the voluntary movement of large muscle groups, making a gross motor skill, while coloring involves more exact movements of the hands and fingers, making it a fine motor skill.

Howard's mother is taking a psychology course in college. She is concerned that her three-year-old is capable of sexual arousal, but better understands his behavior after learning about modern sexual development theory. According to the theory, three-year-old Howard is capable of sexual arousal that includes:

- sexual arousal in young children is a response to physical states and sensation and cannot be interpreted as similar to that of adults in any way.

Messy, wasteful and harsh

According to Freud's theory, children who grow up to be messy, wasteful, and harsh tend to come from situations where parents are too easy going during potty training. Freud referred to this as anal expulsive.

Three-year-old Tristan's parents took him to the toy store. While there, he wanted to buy a Barbie. Which of the following would be the best parental response to the situation if Tristan's parents wanted him to do less gender stereotyping as he grew older?

Allow Tristan to purchase the Barbie. Allowing Tristan to purchase the Barbie might be uncomfortable for mom or dad, but allowing children to explore different toys can help the child do less gender stereotyping later.

When parents are harsh during potty training and ridicule the child for making mistakes, how does Frued's theory predict that the child will be as an adult?

Anal retentive.

Which of the following disorders involves delayed or lacking development of theory of mind?

Autism is characterized by communication deficits, as well as difficulty predicting other people's behavior. Individuals with autism have difficulty understanding the theory of mind, and may be unable to recognize that initial thoughts can be inaccurate.

Four-year-old Carmen is at the checkout counter with her mother. She sees a candy bar that she really wants. When her mother isn't looking, she grabs one, opens it, and takes a bite from it. Her mother notices the chocolate on her face as they are leaving and asks Carmen where she got chocolate. Carmen happily shows her mom the chocolate bar. Carmen's mom tells her that she should not steal and tells Carmen that she is now in trouble. Carmen never steals again. According to Freud, why would Carmen never steal again?

Carmen sees that her mother's reaction is negative and through parental introjection, Carmen incorporates the idea that stealing is bad into her value system so that she will not lose the love of her mother. When Carmen's mother expresses her feelings that we should not steal and that Carmen is in trouble, she is providing an opportunity for parental introjection. Carmen no longer steals because she understands when she does, her mother punishes her and she may feel that her mother removes love when she is punished

Which of the following describes the main factor that puts children from low SES families at a disadvantage in school, according to the research conducted by Hart and Risley?

Exposure to a fewer number of words throughout childhood.

Which of the following describes a major difference between gross and fine motor skills?

Gross motor skills involve large muscle groups, while fine motor skills involve more exact movements of fingers and hands.

Jake is 4 years old, and learning to use language and think about the world symbolically. His older sister Jaimie is 13 years old, and progressing into puberty. Jake's younger sister, Taylor, just turned a year old. Which of these children - Jake, Jaimie, or Taylor - are considered to be in the preoperational stage of development according to Piaget's theory?

Jake -Remember, according to Piaget's theory, individuals ages 0 to 2 years are actually in the sensorimotor stage.

Jenna is 6 years old, and her sister Anna is 3 years old. How are Jenna's physical proportions likely to differ from those of Anna?

Jenna is likely to have a longer torso-By age 6, the torso has lengthened and body proportions have become more like those of an adult.

Johann is five years old and even though he really struggles with shoe tying, he protests when his parents try to help him. According to Erikson, Johann does this because

Johann is exploring autonomy. Johann is trying to tie his own shoes and when his parents offer to help, Johann may feel that they are taking away some of his autonomy.

Sam is 15 and his cousin, John, is 4. How are John's taste preferences likely to differ from those of his older cousin?

John's taste preferences are likely to be less established.- Taste preferences are generally established during early childhood, becoming more stable in later years. This is why it is important to encourage children to eat healthy foods while limiting sweet and salty foods.

Which of the following children has likely started to develop theory of mind?

Kendra, a 6 year old girl who has been diagnosed with ADHD.

Mike is 5 years old, and often comes up with new things to do and try, such as building forts in the living room with couch cushions. His older brother, Lucas, is a teenager who is struggling to develop his own self-identity. Which of the brothers would Erikson classify as being in the initiative vs. guilt stage of development?

Mike - The initiative vs. guilt stage of development is characterized by the child learning to plan and achieve goals, as well as initiating action.

Children learning a new language rule may not use it correctly. If a child uses a new rule with words that the rule is not appropriate for, then the child has ________ the rule.

Overregulated- overregulation is the process in learning language in which children overgeneralize rules to words where the rule is not applicable.

Gender role socialization refers to:

The ways in which individuals in the child's social environment send messages about acceptable gender-related behavior

Shaelynn is a 4 year old girl. Mealtimes in her house tend to be negative, and often involve tensions and her parents arguing. How is this likely to affect Shaelynn?

She is likely to develop problems eating and digesting food due to stress. Negative mealtime atmospheres can induce stress in children, and eventually cause them to experience issues with eating and digesting food properly.

Which of the following is an example of the use of fine motor skills?

Sonjia is playing a game where she holds her thumb and index finger about an inch apart. Her sister then drops a dollar through the opening and if Sonjia can "catch" it by pinching it, she can keep it. Using your fingers to pinch an object is an example of fine motor skills.

According to Mead's "I and me" theory, how does the "I" differ from the "me?"

The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual.

Which of the following describes Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self?

The looking-glass self suggests that our self-concept develops by looking at how others seem to view us, and interpreting this as we make self-judgements.

The area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control emotions is the ________.

The prefrontal cortex is located behind the forehead and helps us to think, strategize, and control emotions.

police officer drill sergeant

This type of parenting is very similar to Baumrind's authoritarian model. The drill sergeant/ police officer parent sets expectations that the child must meet without flexibility, not allowing personal decision-making.

How does the appetite of toddlers tend to differ from that of infants?

Toddlers tend to have less of an appetite than infants.

A sticker chart designed to reward a child for every ten stickers earned for doing household chores is an example of what?

a token economy

positive punishment works by

adding an adverse stimulus to decrease a behavior

Negative, stressful events in childhood that have profound and lasting sociological, psychological, and physiological effects are referred to as what?

adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)-. In research and literature, traumatic childhood events are commonly referred to as ACEs. Health exams often contain screenings for ACEs.

The preoperational stage of development in Piaget's theory coincides with which age range?

ages 2-7

Sam is 3 years old, and his brother, Dan is 2 years old. What is Sam likely to have that Dan does not?

all of his primary teeth

Jovie is 2 and her older brother Chris is 5. Which of Freud's stages do these children fit into?

anal 18 months - three years phallic 3-6 years old Jovie is in the anal stage, while Chris is in the phallic stage.

negative reinforcement

by removing an adverse stimulus in order to increase a behavior

Achmed and his sister, Talia, are getting snacks from their mom. Their mom grabs two different sized bowls from the cupboard—one is narrow and small, while the other is large and wide. She asks Achmed to count twenty goldfish crackers to put in each bowl. When he's done, Achmed sees his amount in the large, wide bowl, and he protests that Talia got more. This act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation, whilst disregarding all others is known as ________.

centration

Shalecia is noticing that her child has much better coordination between the left and right hemispheres. She is wondering what is behind this increased coordination, so she asks her doctor. Dr. Marti tells Shalecia that the growth spurt that occurs in the ________ results in improved coordination between right and left hemispheres.

corpus callosum- the growth spurt in the corpus callosum improves coordination between right and left hemispheres

Kayla is 4 years old. She learns new words by connecting them to concepts that she already understands. What is this process called?

fast mapping

In a pre-k classroom, children are allowed time to play with toys throughout the day. The teacher encourages the girls to play with dolls, and the boys to play with toy trucks. Which of the following concepts does this reflect?

gender role socialization-Gender role socialization refers to the ways in which individuals in the child's social environment send messages about acceptable gender-related behavior.

Which of the following has been found to decrease the risk of obesity in school aged children?

increasing water consumption

According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary influence on personality development?

interpersonal relationship

Dan is 5 years old, and progressing through Freud's phallic stage of development. When he uses proper manners, such as saying please and thank you, he notices that his parents are happy, so he uses proper manners more often. When he leaves his toys out after playing with them, he notices that his parents are not happy, so he avoids doing this in order to avoid loss of love. What did Freud call this process?

introjection-Introjection is the process through which a child develops values based on those of others, and this process is facilitated through perceived approval and disapproval.

While in Kindergarten, Shawnte can sound out most three-letter words, but when she sees a long six-letter word, she turns to her teacher instead of trying to sound it out. Her teacher encourages her to go ahead and try to sound it out by breaking it down into two parts. According to Vygotsky, Shawnte

is in the zone of proximal development

Tammy is playing blocks with a friend when she suddenly reaches for one of her friend's blocks and takes it. Right after she does this, Tammy says out loud in a scolding voice, "don't take from others without asking". According to Mead, what part of self is Tammy developing here?

me

Which of the following situations is most likely to be a positive stressor and learning experience?

meeting of a new friend and forming a connection

Question Mike slapped his brother, so his mother places him in "time out" to reconsider his actions. What operant conditioning principle does this use?

negative punishment

Delia is trying to help two-year-old Simon understand that he should eat his cereal and not throw his cereal to the ground. When she first gives Simon his cereal, before he has had a chance to really throw it, Delia tells Simon, "Simon, I like the way you are eating your cereal!" What type of conditioning is Delia using to help Simon learn?

operant conditioning

Madison is five years old and loves to play make-believe, draw, dance ballet, and play basketball with her older sister. Piaget would say that Madison is still developing her use of logical rules, also referred to as ________.

operations

Children raised with this parenting style may fail to learn self-discipline and develop uncertainty toward boundaries.

permissive

Ayeli's father praises Ayeli when she cleans her room. Ayeli's father is using which operant conditioning principle?

positive reinforcement

In operant conditioning, which is the most effective method of teaching a behavior?

positive reinforcement-Positive reinforcement adds something pleasant to increase the probability of a behavior's reoccurrence. This is a highly effective behavioral modification tool.

Miracle is a devoted mom of two picky toddlers. She wants her kids to eat healthily and understands that struggles over food are bad because ________.

power struggles can teach your child to eat or refuse to eat to gain favor or express anger toward someone else.

the purpose of _____ is to decrease a behavior

punishment

Molly views herself as a kind and generous person, who is empathetic towards others and capable of helping others in need. This is Molly's:

self-concept

Animism can be described as:

the belief that inanimate objects are capable of actions and have lifelike qualities

Mandy has been reading a lot of child development books and websites. She is becoming confused about what she should be looking for with her child's physical growth. Which of the following is true about a child's physical growth during early childhood?

the child will grow about 3 inches per year in early childhood

After being told by many other individuals that he is an outgoing person, John begins to see himself the same way. Which theory of self-concept development does this reflect?

the looking glass self

Four-year-old Amy is playing with a truck. Which of the following is NOT likely to be true?

the other children are probably making fun of amy (remember NOT likely to be true)

One of the most important factors to consider in choosing a daycare is

the student to teacher ratio

the theory of the mind is

the understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions.

Ruben is a middle school teacher. He spend a great deal of energy thinking about how to get his budding scientists to work on challenging tasks that they can't easily do on their own, but they can do with the help of their peers. Ruben is relying on which psychological concept?

the zone of proximal development - In the ZPD, students may struggle with a concept along but can do it with scaffolding or help from others.

Charlee is 4 and has begun to understand that her mind is capable of holding thoughts that are incorrect. Charlee is developing ________.

theory of mind - Four year olds are beginning to have a solid understanding that the mind holds peoples beliefs, desires, emotions and intentions. Further they are beginning to understand that the mind can be tricked or that the mind is not always accurate. The understanding that the mind is capable of holding thoughts that are incorrect is a component of the theory of the mind

What functions is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

thinking, strategizing, and controlling emotions

As a young child, Jason repeatedly experience sexual and physical abuse from a close relative. Which form of stress did Jason most likely feel as a result of this trauma?

toxic stress

For as long as Alessandro can remember his parents have been constantly arguing, often ignore him and his siblings for long periods of time, and he often does not get enough to eat. What sort of stress is Alessandro likely suffering from?

toxic stress

Steven's mom just lost her job and she's not sure how she's going to make ends meet. Lately, Steven hasn't had much reassurance he'll get enough food to eat on a daily basis. What type of stress is this most likely to be?

toxic stress

positive reinforcement

works by adding a stimulus in order to increase a behavior.

negative punishment

works by removing a stimulus in order to decrease a behavior