psychology 2000 final exam

A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age, gender, etc., is called ________.

a representative sample

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

Standardization of a psychological test is important because the process ________.

establishes scores on the test that can be compared to the scores of future test takers

Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores?

identical twins reared together

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called ________.

latent learning

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

latent, observational, Pavlovian, vicarious

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Which of the following is NOT a type of learning?

maturation

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called __________.

mental set

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Demitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

We learned about some cats who learned through trial and error to escape from a box and get food. This was an example of:

operant conditioning

Babies all across the world are born with the inherent ability to differentiate between and potentially produce all possible __________, but as they grow older, lose the ability to differentiate those which are not part of their native language(s).

phonemes

The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language, are referred to as

pragmatics

Sometimes autocorrect can really mess up our communications. The sentence "I'll go top off my unicorn" (instead of the intended "I'll go drop off my uniform" has ________.

proper syntax but poor semantics

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

You are trying to train your dog to do a series of complex tricks: opening the door, retrieving the paper, and putting it on the table. The best way to teach the series of behaviors needed for this complex task would be to use:

shaping

A sleep disorder characterized by episodes of problematic breathing is called

sleep apnea

The research method that includes the manipulation of one or more independent variables in attempts to determine causality is:

true experiment

Typically, individuals with an IQ of ____ or above are considered to be gifted.

130

Discussing the idea that a square is a square, as opposed to thinking of it as four separate lines, this viewpoint is an example of:

Gestalt Psychology

Regarding the violence we see in schools today. The work of ___________ is most relevant to their discussions due to his theory of____________?

Bandura; Observational Learning

The main goal of correlational research is to determine:

How two or more variables are related to one another

Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability?

IQ below 70

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

beta-endorphin

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the ________ in his study.

conditioned stimulus

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

As an infant, Stephanie received many injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a long, white coat that was similar to a doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of _____________.

classical conditioning.

Diabetes is a(or an) ________ disorder because insulin is a________.

endocrine; hormone

Professor Williams wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. She should ___________________.

draw a representative sample among college juniors from multiple colleges

Freud stressed the importance of the unconsciousness, dreams, and:

early childhood experiences

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.

electroencephalography (EEG)

All of the following make up important aspects of emotional intelligence EXCEPT for.

emotional reasoning

Focus of Functionalism

finding how the parts of the mind work together to enable us to perform certain actions

The focus of structuralism is:

finding the smallest units of experience

Carol gets her paycheck every 1 week from her employer, as long as she complete her assigned jobs in the week.

fixed interval

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal

The myelin sheath consists of a(or an) ________.

glial cell

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

taking aspirin to get rid of your headache, your parents take away your car because you missed curfew, you cook dinner for your partner who then gives you a big hug and kiss, during a basketball game someone commits too many fouls and is thrown out of the game

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders.

testosterone

The main advantage of a case study is:

the amount of detail it provides about an individual

Tanya is walking near a university campus and sees a man dressed in a tweed jacket, button down-shirt, and dress slacks. He is wearing glasses and has a neatly trimmed beard. Tanya assumes the man is a professor. Tanya's assumption best illustrates _______________.

the representativeness heuristic