Psychology 245

Which of the following is an example of symptom in the "cognition/mood alteration" symptom cluster in PTSD?

A. hypervigilance B. flashbacks C.--- inability to remember important details about the trauma D. difficulty sleeping

Critics of the DSM-5 have argued

A. it should rely more on categorical diagnosis. B. it is placing too much emphasis on the cognitive-behavioral paradigm of understanding mental illness. C. it is pathologizing "normal" behaviors. D. it is not sufficiently comprehensive in its coverage of major psychiatric disorders.

What do individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder fear?

A. other people B. attending parties C. ----being negatively evaluated by others D. talking in front of large crowds

Using visual stimuli with individuals with ASD has led to which of the following outcomes?

A. reduction in disruptive behavior during transitions between activities B. increased play skills C. increased social interaction skills D. ----all of the above

The percentage of time that one is in bed and asleep out of the total time one is in bed is called _______________.

A. sleep latency B. acute insomnia C. sleep efficiency D. sleep-onset insomnia

All of the following are criticisms of diagnosing a mental disorder EXCEPT:

A. stigmatization B. pathologizing normal behaviors C. losing sight of the individual as a whole D.--- decreasing ease of communication among providers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four components of Structured Teaching?

A. structuring the environment B. using the individual's visual strengths to supplement learning C.---- providing scaffolding in the classroom D. using the individual's special interests to engage him in learning

What is comorbidity?

A. the similarity of prognosis between two disorders B. the similarity of treatments between two disorders C. ---being diagnosed with more than one disorder D. having gruesome/severe symptoms of a disorder

Why is a "Type 2" error a bigger concern for diagnosing mental illness compared to diagnosing a physical ailment?

A.--- psychiatric diagnoses are accompanied by negative stigmas B. psychiatric diagnoses result in sub-par treatment C. psychiatric diagnoses are not understood by most health care providers D. psychiatric diagnoses are ignored by most health care providers

The social-pragmatic developmental approach to learning emphasizes the importance of what skill for increasing meaningful communication?

A. ---learning preverbal skills (e.g., receptive vocabulary, visual symbols for objects) B. learning definitions of words C. learning how to enunciate words correctly D. accurately identifying nonverbal communication

Brandon has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and he has significant deficits in restricted and repetitive behaviors. Which of the following symptoms is considered a restricted and repetitive behavior?

A. Brandon did not start speaking until he was 4.5 years old. B. Brandon does not play with his peers. He prefers to play by himself. C. Brandon looks down when others speak with him and he does not maintain good eye contact. D---. Brandon gets upset and throws a tantrum when he has to go inside after riding his bike outside.

Ted is diagnosed with ASD. Most days after school he wants to go straight to his room and play video games. He throws tantrums when his mother asks him to do chores or his homework. What is the best treatment approach for addressing this specific issue?

A. Discrete Trial Training B. Social Skills Training C---. TEACCH D. Occupational Therapy

How is someone with generalized anxiety disorder different than someone who is a "worrier"?

A. Spend inordinate amounts of time and energy worrying and cannot "put the worry aside" B. having a wide range of worries in multiple domains of life C. Physical symptoms such as trouble sleeping and feeling "keyed up" D.---- All of the above

Jax is in treatment for Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder. His therapist has told him that he is providing him with the most effective and most commonly used treatment for OCD. What type of treatment is Jax most likely receiving?

A. a prescription for Benzodiazepines B.--- exposure and response prevention C. systematic desensitization D. imaginal exposure

Autism Spectrum Disorders require impairments in which of the following two domains?

A. deficits in language; and deficits in working memory B. deficits in working memory; and deficits in nonverbal communication C.---- deficits in social interactions and communication; and restricted behaviors and interests D. deficits in verbal communication; and deficits in nonverbal communication

In the Gellis et al study, what sleep hygiene behavior was significantly associated with insomnia above and beyond other sleep hygiene behaviors for college students?

A. engaging in arousing behaviors near bedtime B. daytime napping C.--- improper sleep scheduling D. uncomfortable sleeping environments

Which of the following is NOT a recommended suggestion for improving sleep hygiene?

A. having a consistent sleep/wake schedule B. having a regular nighttime ritual C.--- having a glass of wine right before bed D. having a light snack right before bed

Which of the following is a component of the "vicious cycle" of sleeping problems?

A----. being preoccupied and worried about the inability to fall asleep (i.e., conditioned arousal to sleep) B. becoming dependent on sleeping medications C. only being able to sleep during the day D. only being able to sleep in one's own bed and nowhere else

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 specifiers for a Specific Phobia

A. Animal B. Natural Environment C. ---Heights D. Other

How does the HiTOP approach address the issue of comorbidity which is common in a categorical classification system?

A. Due to the hierarchy, an individual is only allowed to have one diagnosis B. Higher order dimensions are associated with only one lower order dimension C. ---Higher order dimensions span across multiple "diagnostic" categories and capture similarly grouped symptoms D. It is unclear why the HiTOP approach reduces comorbidity and more research needs to be conducted

Ned has experienced several panic attacks, but they have always been triggered when he is about to fly in an airplane. He doesn't have much anxiety about having other panic attacks. Given this information, Ned's symptoms are most consistent with

A. Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia B. Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia C. Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia D. Specific Phobia

Which of the following has been a controversy/criticism of the publication of the DSM-5?

A. The DSM-5 does not place enough emphasis on the biological theory of psychopathology B. The DSM-5 has limited empirical support C.---- The DSM-5's primarily categorical approach creates excessive (and perhaps bogus) comorbidity D. The DSM-5 includes the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) which have not been substantively researched

Which of the following is NOT a common exposure used in trauma-focused CBT?

A. Writing out the traumatic memory B.--- Subliminal Exposure C. Imaginal exposure D. In Vivo Exposure

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of obsessions and compulsions?

A. causing harm B. ----perfectionism C. symmetry D. hoarding

The medication D-cycloserine was described as a medication for both OCD and Social Anxiety Disorder. What is its mechanism of action?

A.--- to facilitate the extinction of a fear response B. to decrease physiological symptoms of anxiety C. to deactivate the prefrontal cortex D. to increase dopamine levels

All of the following are components of early and intensive behavioral treatment for ASD, EXCEPT:

A.---- beginning treatment at age 5 B. 25 hours of treatment per week C. parental involvement with treatment D. applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Insomnia can be diagnosed as its own diagnosis, even if the insomnia is secondary to another mental illness (e.g., depression) or a medical condition (e.g., back pain).

--True False

Which of the following is a diagnostic criteria for Panic Disorder which separates someone with the disorder from someone who has occasional panic attacks?

. A.---Changing behavior due to worries about a potential panic attack B. The length of each panic attack C. Age at which panic attacks begin D. Having an identifiable cause for the panic attacks

Christian has been afraid of heights for as long as he can remember, but he does not recall any specific negative experiences that involved heights. His fear of heights can be best explained by what theory?

A---. biological preparedness B. interoceptive awareness C. operant conditioning D. classical conditioning

What approach has historically driven psychiatric classifications?

A---. categorical discrimination of conditions B. dimensional description of severity C. a combined categorical and dimensional approach D. A different classification system is used depending on the symptoms the person presents

TEACCH programs may have reduced effectiveness because _________________.

A---. the programs are implemented with a wide variety of individuals in a wide variety of settings. B. it is difficult to do randomized controlled trials with individuals with Autism. C. there are too many extraneous variables during the research studies. D. the definition of ASD is less inclusive in the "real-world" compared to research studies.

According to the cognitive etiology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, how is the experience of "worry" reinforced in individuals with GAD?

A---worry is negatively reinforced because it allows the individual to avoid more difficult and intense emotions B. worry is positively reinforced because others provide support for them when they experience worry C. worry is negatively reinforced because others provide support for them when they experience worry D. worry is positively reinforced because it allows the individual to avoid more difficult and intense emotions

What separates normative anxieties/fears from diagnosable disorders?

A. Once anxieties/fears have been maintained for more than 5 years they can be diagnosed B. Diagnosable anxiety must start before age 12 C. Anxiety is diagnosable when one has anxious thoughts about more than one thing D.--- The anxiety is excessive and persistent given the situation

Which of the following is a core therapeutic technique to help treat panic disorder and is not commonly used in treatments for other anxiety disorders?

A. systematic desensitization B. Challenging the clients' catastrophizing thoughts C.---- inducing exposure to feared bodily sensations D. tricyclic antidepressants

The main goal of sleep restriction therapy is to ____________________?

A. -----limit time in bed to time actually sleeping B. increase total sleep time in a 24 hour period by encouraging short naps during the day C. improve sleep efficiency to 75% D. have clients go to bed early so they can get more hours of sleep

____ of students likely have poor sleep quality and ______ of students likely meet DSM-5 criteria for an insomnia disorder.

A. ----40-60%; 10% B. 75%; 25% C. 25%; 5-10% D. 40-60%; 50%

Individuals with PTSD have been shown to have which of the following differences in their brain structure?

A. ----Reduced hippocampal volume B. Increased hippocampal volume C. Decreased volume of the amydala D. Increased volume of prefrontal cortex

Which of the following best describes the structure that organizes individual tasks?

A. ----using visual cues that inform the individual what he is supposed to do, how long the activity will last, and how he will know when he is finished B. using pictures to show that day's agenda C. using visual cues to show where different activities will take place D. using verbal directions to complete a task

What is the prevalence rate for individuals with an insomnia disorder?

A. ---6-10% B. 10-15% C. 10-20% D. 16-20%

Which of the following most accurately distinguishes a categorical approach from a dimensional approach?

A. A dimensional approach assumes that distinct disorders have distinct causes B. A categorical approach uses psychometric scales to quantify the severity of individuals' symptoms C. A dimensional approach uses sets of diagnostic criteria to better understand whether an individual has a disorder or not D. ---A categorical approach assumes that people who receive a diagnosis are qualitatively different from people who do not have the diagnosis

Which of the following accurately represents our current understanding of the role genetics play in the onset of ASD?

A. Autism spectrum disorders have limited genetic heritability, with heritability rates between 5-10% B. ASD is caused by a genetic mutation on chromosome 8 C-----. There is a complex interplay between numerous genetic markers D. all of the above

What neurotransmitter activates the sympathetic nervous system and is thought to have irregular activity in individuals with anxiety disorders?

A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C. GABA D. ---Norepinephrine

How does the HiTOP approach address the issue of comorbidity which is common in a categorical classification system?

A. Due to the hierarchy, an individual is only allowed to have one diagnosis B. Higher order dimensions are associated with only one lower order dimension C--- .Higher order dimensions span across multiple "diagnostic" categories and capture similarly grouped symptoms D. It is unclear why the HiTOP approach reduces comorbidity and more research needs to be conducted

What part of the brain has been implicated in the manifestation of OCD symptoms?

A. Medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC) B. Amygdala C. Cerebellum D.--- Orbital (orbitofrontal) Cortex

Which of the following is the primary goal of Exposure and Response prevention?

A. To stop the person from experiencing obsessions B. To develop more adaptive and less time-consuming compulsions C. ---To recognize that obsessional anxiety is not indefinite and can be overcome without compulsions D. All of the above

Which of the following most accurately describes discrete trial training?

A. Training parents to focus on addressing one symptom of ASD at a time in treatment with their child B. Providing children with ASD a predetermined number of trials to complete a task to assess their functional capabilities C. Learning how to discriminate between harmful social interactions and appropriate social interactions D. ----Doing repeated trials to learn a skill with reinforcements for successful completions

What did Rosenhan mean when he suggested a diagnosis can become a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A. a diagnosis can lead other people to believe you have the mental illness B. a diagnosis creates a label that cannot be easily removed C. observers will believe the "diagnosis" explains everything about the "patient's" behavior D.--- an individual begins to conform to the expectations and meanings of a diagnosis and begins to behave as if he/she were mentally ill

In the Rosenhan study, which of the following "symptoms" did the pseudopatients portray at their intake (first) appointment (prior to being admitted)?

A. depression and anxiety B. suicidal ideations C. ---hallucinations D. phobic reactions

Which of the following is the single most common symptom of Insomnia Disorder?

A. difficulty falling asleep B.--- difficulty maintaining sleep C. awakening too early and unable to go back to sleep D. falling asleep during the day

After a near death experience trying to save the world, Tony Stark, aka "Iron Man," has difficulty sleeping; and he frequently "tinkers" with his machines in the middle of the night. His difficulty sleeping and tinkering behavior are examples of which symptom cluster of PTSD?

A. intrusion symptoms B. mood and cognition alterations C. avoidance of stimuli D---. increased arousal

Juanita is an 18-year-old female with a phobia of snakes. She refuses to go outside on walks with her friends because she is convinced she would see one. When Juanita sees an image of a snake on television or the internet, her heart races and is unable to breathe. Which treatment would be the most effective for addressing her symptoms?

A. muscle relaxation B. ---systematic desensitization C. cognitive restructuring D. d-cycloserine (DCS)

Which of the following is NOT an example of a social interaction/communication deficit in individuals with ASD?

A. not initiating play with a caregiver B. limited/no eye contact C. preference for solitary play D. ----difficulty changing routines

Which of the following is the biggest risk factor for developing insomnia symptoms, especially those who are vulnerable for insomnia?

A. sleep apnea B. irregular sleep schedule C.--- a stressful precipitating event D. fear of not sleeping

Which of the following is NOT one of the two necessary conditions for Prolonged Exposure to work with PTSD?

A. the fear structure must be activated B.--- an in vivo AND a situational exposure are required C. new information that is incompatible with the erroneous information housed in the fear structure must be incorporated into the structure

Instead of focusing on the "presence" or "absence" of a diagnosis, the HiTOP classification system emphasizes what?

A. the presence of absence of spectra B. ----symptom severity across each level of the hierarchy C. the presence or absence of each hierarchy D. the "cutoff point" for treatment

What purpose do compulsions serve?

A. they are neural byproducts of hyperactive obsessive thoughts B.--- they are aimed at reducing distress in response to the obsessive thought or preventing a dreaded event C. they are physical manifestations of the individual's obsessive thoughts D. all of the above

What is one drawback of treating anxiety disorders with medications?

A. they do not provide any relief of symptoms B. they do not work better than placebo treatments C. medications take a long time to start working D. ----symptoms do not stay in remission when medications are stopped

According to a CBT model, how do common and everyday intrusions develop into clinically significant obsessions?

A.--- Appraising the intrusion as highly important or threatening B. the intrusions begin filtering into dreams C. The compulsions get negatively reinforced D. Spending extra time thinking about the intrusions by trying to repress them

Janine is 6-years-old and diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Three weeks ago, she heard her father step on a lego and say "ouch, that hurt," and she has said that phrase continuously since then. This is specifically an example of:

A.--- echolalia B. functional language C. joint attention D. idiosyncratic language

The authors of the article "DSM-5 further inflates ADHD" suggest the increase in ADHD diagnoses after the publication of the DSM-IV was largely due to which of the following reasons?

A.--- the availability of new ADHD drugs B. The DSM-IV-TR only required the presence of a few symptoms for diagnosis C. Lack of appropriate training among psychiatrists D. Allowing for adults to be diagnosed without the presence of any symptoms in childhood

The different anxiety disorders (e.g., GAD, Social Anxiety Disorder, Specific Phobia, Panic Disorder) share many similar symptoms. Therefore, what information can be used to distinguish between them when making a diagnosis?

A.--- type of situation/object that is feared B. amount of physiological arousal C. presence or absence of panic attacks D. type of physiological arousal