Psychology 370 Cognition Chapter 4 Exam Review

According to cognitive psychologists, how long does information usually last in shortterm memory?

A few seconds

The central executive processes information from which modality?

Any

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

Approximately five to nine items

Integrated pieces of information stored in memory are called _____.

Chunks

According to Jonides et al. (2008), rapid forgetting of short-term memory occurs due to _____.

Decay and interference

Which of the following is a task used to measure the capacity of short-term memory?

Digit span

After Teresa suffered brain damage to her prefrontal cortex, she began having problems with planning, organizing, monitoring behavior, and initiating behavior. Teresa's diagnosis would most likely be _____.

Dysexecutive syndrome

According to research by Vogel et al. (2001) and Xu and Chun (2009), what is the capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Five to nine items

According to Baddeley, the components of the working memory model generally work _____.

Independently

In a review of 147 amnesic patients, Spiers et al. (2001) found that how many of them had significant problems with short-term memory?

None of them

In a study done by Klauer and Zhao (2004), participants performed a combination of two tasks. Which of the following best describes their findings, providing evidence that the visuo-spatial sketchpad consists of two separate components?

One spatial task interfered more with another spatial task, and one visual task interfered more with another visual task

Most research on short-term memory (e.g., Berman et al., 2009; Keppel & Underwood, 1962; Nairne et al. 1999) provides evidence that forgetting occurs due to _____.

Proactive interference

Which of the following is NOT a component of the working memory model?

Procedural memory

Which of the following is thought to be critically important in skilled simultaneous translation?

The central executive

Which of the following models asserts that individual differences in working memory capacity depend on attentional control and long-term memory?

The dual-component model

Having the letters NHL form a single unit in short-term memory is only effective when _____.`

The meaning of the acronym is already stored in long-term memory

According to research by Papagno et al. (1991) and Andersson (2010), which of the following is thought to be especially important in learning new vocabulary words in a foreign language?

The phonological loop

On the first day of class, the teacher asks the students to introduce themselves one by one. There are 30 students in the class, and at the end of the hour, you can only recall the names of the last four or five people who were called on. This is an example of

The recency effect

When people recall the last few items in a list much better than items from the middle of the list, this is called _____.

The recency effect

Smith and Jonides (1997) measured brain activity while participants were presented with a visual stimulus followed by a probe stimulus that was either the same form in a different location (visual task) or a different form in the same spatial location (spatial task). What patterns of brain activation did they find? A) There was increased activation in the right hemisphere

There was increased activation in the right hemisphere during the spatial task, and increased activity in the left hemisphere during the visual task