Psychology

The philosopher who believed that the mind operated on the three levels of reason, will, and desire was __________.

Plato

Inferential statistics allows a researcher to make inferences about a specific population based on data taken from a sample.

True

Kenneth and Mamie Clark's doll experiment was cited in the landmark US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education.

True

Love, which can't be observed or measured directly, is an example of a psychological construct.

True

Naturalistic observation is commonly used for anthropology studies.

True

One of the major ethical issues with the Tuskegee syphilis experiment was the lack of respect given to the subjects in the experiment.

True

Placebos are sometimes used in research in order to demonstrate the effects of participant expectations or beliefs on the outcome of behavior

True

Psychological research has been deemed sexist at times because most psychology researchers and study subjects are male.

True

Psychologists are supposed to make the most ethical decision they can in any circumstance.

True

Psychology is considered a science because it uses a systematic method of asking and answering questions.

True

Scientific observations inspire scientific hypotheses and theories.

True

Sports psychologists study factors that affect athletes' participation and performance in sports.

True

Statistics assists in establishing practical guidelines for improvement.

True

The corpus callosum is comprised of more than 200 million axons that connect the hemispheres of the brain.

True

The hypothalamus is a brain structure that controls the endocrine system.

True

The left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body.

True

The psychodynamic perspective originated with Sigmund Freud.

True

The reproductive glands in the body are also known as the gonads.

True

Understanding the effect of any confounding variables on the dependent variable is important to the outcome of an experiment.

True

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions can be found in the __________ nervous system.

autonomic

An ethical psychologist will __________.

be committed to taking ethical action

The goals of psychology are the same as the goals of science, except that in psychology, the focus is on __________ and __________.

behavior . . . cognitive processes

Which perspective believes that behavior is learned through rewards and punishments?

behavioral perspective

For a study to accurately reflect a target population behavior, it must use __________ measures.

both reliable and valid

The __________ is the innermost region of the brain.

brainstem

Producing energy that fuels the activities of the cell is a function of the __________.

cell body

If a psychologist violates his or her ethical obligations but breaks no laws, the American Psychological Association could take action and __________.

censure them

Organizing sensory input that guides movement is a function of the __________.

cerebellum

The back portion of the brainstem is called the __________.

cerebellum

Information processing is a function of the __________.

cerebral cortex

All of the following are possible occupations for a psychologist with a bachelor's degree except __________.

clinical psychologist

The __________ perspective focuses on how people process, store, and use information.

cognitive

All of the following are processes used for designing a research question except __________.

collecting data for the study

At the corpus callosum, __________ occurs between the two hemispheres.

communication

A researcher wanting to determine if amount of hours sleeping was related to one's attitude would evaluate the research study using __________ analysis.

correlation

A team of psychologists study personality development in the United States and generalize their research findings to describe personality development in China, Japan, and Korea. This is an example of __________ bias.

cultural

A research study that proposed to describe the behaviors of high school teachers would be __________.

descriptive

Creating a testable hypothesis comes after which step in the scientific method?

developing a research question

The statement "More high school boys than girls will disagree with school rules" is an example of a(n) __________.

directional research hypothesis

E-mail is usually a poor choice for the distribution of sensitive electronic files because __________.

e-mail is saved on the server that transfers it

The cerebellum helps in moderating both __________ and a person's ability to differentiate between various __________.

emotion . . . sounds and textures

Which is the fairest way to take a representative sample from a population?

ensuring that every subject in the population has an equal chance to be selected

All of the following are key hormones in muscle and bone formation except __________.

epinephrine

The __________ perspective believes that certain behavior patterns have a hereditary basis.

evolutionary

Research that explores cause and effect relationships by manipulating data is known as __________.

experimental

Karl Popper, a 20th-century philosopher, claimed that genuine scientific theories are __________.

falsifiable

Which of the following regions of the brain is the largest?

forebrain

William James was one of the leading founders of which school of thought?

functionalism

Social psychology is a subfield of psychology that studies all of the following except how __________.

health habits affect brain development

Of the following statements, in which does rehabilitation psychology specialize?

helping people with disabilities manage adjustment issues

Social science is a branch of science that deals with the nature of __________.

human society

To help employees function effectively in job situations, a(n) __________ psychologist designs products that are safe, effective, and easy to use.

human-factor

Where is the brain located?

in the skull

All of the following physical reactions occur when our fight-or-flight response is triggered except __________.

increasing digestion

In an experiment, researchers want to determine if the __________ variable causes changes in the __________ variable.

independent . . . dependent

Developmental psychologists study all of the following except __________ development.

industrial

In the "Little Albert" experiment, psychologist John Watson conditioned a(n) ____________.

infant to fear a lab rat

Descriptive statistics is used in order to analyze the relationship between variables.

False

The nervous system communicates internally by releasing hormones through the bloodstream.

False

Determining which type of research method to use in a study is an important part of developing a research question in the scientific method.

False

Ethnocentrism helps researchers avoid cultural bias when interpreting research findings.

False

Ethnocentrism is the practice of viewing male behavior and cognitive processes as the norm for explaining all human behavior.

False

Funding has little influence on the number of researchers working on a given project.

False

In a single-blind study, neither the researchers or the participants are aware of group assignments.

False

In the first half of the 20th century, the scientific community supported research on cognitive processes.

False

It is best to keep the purpose of the study's research from the subjects in order to keep their involvement private.

False

Mamie Clark was the first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology in the United States.

False

Multiple linear regression is used to evaluate the influence of one independent variable on another.

False

One benefit of statistics is that it can limit an individual's perception.

False

The parietal lobe is the portion of the cerebral cortex located below the temporal lobe.

False

One of the purposes of an experiment is to determine whether the dependent variable affects the independent variable.

False

The stream of consciousness refers to the basic elements in a person's conscious mind.

False

Psychologists avoid studying emotions because they have little impact on behavior.

False

Psychologists only focus on how people think and feel.

False

__________ research is a type of research that describes various types of data collected through observational research methods.

Descriptive

Psychometric psychology is a subfield that focuses primarily on the development of personality tests.

False

Qualitative research generally uses numbers to represent research data.

False

Quota sampling is mostly based on participant availability or volunteers.

False

Raw data often appears in published scientific journals.

False

The cerebral cortex is divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres.

False

Researchers performing __________ insert a weak electric current into the brain to stimulate it.

ESB

__________ psychologists conduct laboratory experiments to research basic processes, such as perception and motivation.

Experimental

The field of psychology has made great strides toward equality by ignoring minority groups.

False

A hormone is an organ that secretes chemical substances into the bloodstream.

False

A nondirectional alternative hypothesis claims that no difference will be found between the research variables.

False

A study done on the driving habits of motorists in 1925 will be generalizable to present-day motorists.

False

Which of the following best describes cognitive processes?

Cognitive processes are private and unobservable.

Although many students enroll in psychology courses at the college level, few students choose psychology as a major.

False

Animal research is a recent scientific invention.

False

Read the passage from a fictional research article below and answer the question that follows. The extraordinary results of this study are beyond reproach; the human mind creates memories each time you would like to remember them. -Frances Wallace, page 15 Now read the following passages from a separate article. Which of the following uses of the above passage is not considered plagiarism?

Although it is startling to contemplate, "the human mind creates memories each time you would like to remember them" (Wallace 15).

Which statement about sample size is true?

As the sample size within a study decreases, statistical power decreases.

Counseling psychologists typically handle severe psychological disorders.

False

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of behavior?

Behavior is an action that can be observed and measured.

__________ refers to the ability of the brain to change by reorganizing or generating new neural pathways.

Brain plasticity

The area of the brain involved in production of speech is __________.

Broca's area

Current ethical standards for psychology experiments were established by Freud in the 1920s.

False

Abnormal levels of __________ are linked to anxiety disorders, seizures, and insomnia.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Which of the following is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter?

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

__________ is the school of psychology that believes perception is more than the sum of its parts—it involves a whole pattern.

Gestalt psychology

What did the lead researcher fail to do in the Stanford Prison experiment?

He failed to adequately separate his psychological duties from his experimental role.

Which of the following statements is not true about Hippocrates?

He thought that mental illness occurred when the four humors were in proper balance.

__________ is the systematic self-observation and analysis of one's conscious experience.

Introspection

Which of the following best describes the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

It calms the body and conserves energy.

Which of the following best describes the function of the spinal cord?

It merges simple responses to stimuli and sends information to the brain.

A(n) __________ involves magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized enhancement.

MRI

The psychologist best known for being the first female president of the American Psychological Association and for being denied a doctoral degree from Harvard because of her gender is __________.

Mary Whiton Calkins

__________ was the first person of Asian American descent to be elected president of the American Psychological Association.

NOT Kenneth Clark

Which of the following statements about psychological constructs is true?

NOT Psychological constructs cannot be researched in psychology because they are unobservable.

After the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, the National Center on the Psychology of Terrorism was founded to research psychological aspects of terrorism. This is an example of how __________ affect theories and perspectives in psychology.

NOT new discoveries

Which of the following statements is not true about licensure in psychology?

NOT A standardized test is administered by most state licensing boards.

During World War II, psychologists redesigned the layout of instruments in airplane cockpits to help pilots fly safely. This is an example of __________ psychology.

NOT educational

Increased interest in cultural diversity can be attributed to all of the following except __________.

NOT personal travel

Read the hypothesis below and answer the question that follows. Playing video games will improve individual spatial skills. What is the dependent variable in the experiment?

NOT type of video game, playing video games

A(n) _________ scan uses radioactive markers in the blood to monitor blood flow and metabolic activity via x-ray.

PET

Chloe read an essay that claims the body and mind, which are made up of different substances, interact both harmoniously and competitively in a living person. Which philosopher's work is she most likely reading?

René Descartes

Which of the following statements is not correct concerning qualitative and quantitative research?

Research cannot use both qualitative and quantitative methods in a study.

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Karen is a psychiatrist at a large hospital. Although she is extremely busy at her job, when making her rounds to see her patients, she takes the time to talk to each of her patients and establishes a rapport with each one. Which of the following principles of psychology or codes of conduct did Karen demonstrate?

Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Humanistic psychologists believe people are unique and free to make their own positive choices.

True

In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same value.

True

If the relationship between variables is nonlinear yet is assumed to be linear, which of the following can not occur?

The relationship between variables will be measured accurately.

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is not correct?

The thyroid gland controls reproductive cycles.

Which of the following best describes the function of nerves?

They carry sensory and motor impulses.

In the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, what information did researchers keep from their subjects about their illnesses?

They were not treated for or told they had syphilis.

A case study allows a more detailed look at the life of a single subject than any other study.

True

A scientific theory must be supported with empirical evidence.

True

A test's statistical significance depends on power and probability.

True

Analyzing the relationship between variables by using regression allows a researcher to evaluate whether or not one variable will predict the outcome of another.

True

Cognitive psychologists believe that cognitive processes must be studied in order to understand human behavior fully.

True

Convenience sampling can produce biased research results.

True

Each hemisphere of the brain specializes in assisting various functions of the body.

True

Experimental research focuses on explaining why various phenomena happen.

True

Following the edicts and principles of psychology requires a highly developed moral sense.

True

For centuries, philosophers have explored questions about how the mind works and acquires knowledge.

True

Free association and dream analysis are techniques used in psychoanalysis to discover a person's unconscious urges.

True

Functionalism is the school of thought that studies the function and purpose of consciousness and behavior.

True

The area of the brain involved with comprehension of speech is __________.

Wernicke's area

Which of the following is not a reason psychologists may subject an animal used in research to pain, stress, or hardship?

When the goal is justified by the potential for recognition.

Abnormal levels of __________ may lead to Alzheimer's disease.

acetylcholine

Which endocrine gland is responsible for controlling the stress response?

adrenal gland

When a psychologist is making a determination regarding whether or not a study is ethical, one should first consider __________ versus the demand or desire for increased knowledge in a particular field of study.

an individual's privacy

Read the passage below and answer the question that follows. A psychologist conducts research on life span development by interviewing numerous men and then uses the research findings to describe the different stages of development that both men and women experience. This is an example of __________.

androcentrism

An anthropomorphic error occurs when researchers __________.

assign human-like emotions and behavior to animals

A psychologist working from the biological perspective would study all of the following to see how they affect behavior and cognitive processes except __________.

attention

Historically, the _________ was seen as the dominant __________ of the brain.

left hemisphere . . . hemisphere

When researchers create __________, they are destroying a piece of the brain.

lesions

A significance error is an error that occurs from drawing an incorrect conclusion about the __________ within a study.

level of statistical support

The majority of early psychologists were all of the following except __________.

lower class

In traditional naturalistic observation, the subject or subjects being studied __________.

may be unaware that observation is being conducted

Regulating unconscious biological functions is a function of the __________.

medulla

The __________ receives information from the visual and auditory senses.

midbrain

Neurons activated when an individual performs an action or sees another performing the action are __________ neurons.

mirror

Life coaches use __________ to teach people life skills, relationship skills, and communication skills.

motivational interviewing

Increasing the rate of an impulse is the function of the __________.

myelin sheath

A researcher who does not want to manipulate or interfere with the behavior of research subjects would conduct a __________ study.

naturalistic observation

Sociocultural psychologists study the influence of all of the following except __________.

nervous system

The nervous system is composed of __________ or nerve cells.

neurons

When researchers replicate a study, they are seeking to __________.

support or reject the hypothesis upon which the study was founded

Neurons communicate with each other through __________.

synaptic transmission

The areas for speech are found in the _________ and __________ lobes.

temporal . . . frontal

An unreliable study can occur if the __________.

test administration is inconsistent

An explanation for behavior must be __________ and __________ to be considered a scientific theory.

testable . . . supported

Statistics can increase knowledge in all of the following ways except __________.

providing nonuseful information on ways to improve the educational system

Which of the following is not considered a natural science?

psychology

Imagine you have a friend who is interested in math and techniques used to analyze research findings. What subfield of psychology best matches this person's interests?

psychometric psychology

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. A researcher studying the most common teacher opinions on student lunch room behavior arranges the opinions in four categories and writes a report to present the descriptive data to the school board. For this study, the researcher is analyzing data by using __________ measures.

qualitative

Read the passage below and answer the question that follows. During World War I, mental tests were administered to army recruits. The results of these tests were wrongly interpreted to suggest that Caucasians were superior to minorities. This is an example of __________ bias in early psychology.

racial

Subtracting the lowest score in a data set from the highest is the appropriate way to calculate the __________.

range

Plato suggested that the soul operates on three levels: __________.

reason, will, and desire

Endorphins assists in __________.

regulating eating behavior and how we respond to stress

According to Freud, slips of the tongue __________.

represent a meaningful unconscious thought

The __________ is a network of nerves located in the brainstem.

reticular formation

A _________ is a graphical representation of association between variables.

scatterplot

All of the following were barriers to minority participation in early psychology except __________.

school desegregation

Ethics is a discussion of how people __________ behave.

should

The nerves of the somatic nervous system connects to which two parts of the body?

skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

Which of the following is not an example of a cognitive process?

sleep

The primary __________ cortex contains a map of the body based on the importance of sensory input from different parts of the body.

somatosensory

The primary __________ cortex specializes in receiving signals from different parts of the body.

somatosensory

Which school of thought focused on objective sensations, such as sight and taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, to study the conscious mind?

structuralism

In which of the following does personality psychology specialize?

studying how one's character and temperament develops and changes over time

Heart rate, digestion, breathing, and perspiration are all controlled by which part of the peripheral nervous system?

the autonomic nervous system

What are the two main components of the nervous system?

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

All of the following are regulated by the medulla except __________.

the fight-or-flight response

Which system consists of nerves that initiate communication?

the peripheral nervous system

Which endocrine gland regulates immune system development?

thymus gland

Ethnocentrism can lead to all the following except __________.

tolerance

For psychologists, controlling electronic information is important because electronic information is __________.

trivially easy to copy and redistribute

If a researcher wishes to study the relationship between self-esteem and level of intelligence, then gathering data about participants' eye color would be __________.

unnecessary because it does not relate to the topic of the study