Psychology ch 10 practice quiz

What does Carol Dweck's self-theory of motivation propose?

Believing that your abilities are inborn and unchangeable may backfire when you are challenged or when you fail.

_____________ is the ratio of height and weight used to estimate a person's health status related to percentage of body fat.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Which of the following examples illustrates intrinsic motivation?

Gloria is a finance major, and even though she doesn't need the credit, she enrolled in a ceramics class because she loves creating objects with her hands.

Alice is having a difficult time at work lately. She is now reporting to a new manager who seems to disparage her at every turn and is requesting that Alice provide weekly status reports. Further, Alice has been relocated to an office space closer to the manager and away from her supportive co-workers. According to self-determination theory, what outcomes are likely for Alice?

Increased psychological distress

__________ is engaging in a behavior for the sake of enjoyment rather than the desire to gain an external goal or reward.

Intrinsic motivation

According to the dual center model of hunger and satiety, what part of the brain is responsible for controlling the experience of hunger?

Lateral hypothalamus

What is the relationship between levels of blood sugar and hunger?

Low glucose levels result in feelings of hunger, whereas high glucose levels result in the release of insulin.

Lucy ran out of the house heading to her 8:00 a.m. class and did not have time to eat breakfast. Further, she forgot to grab her lunch from the fridge. What basic physiological processes can Lucy expect to experience if she does not eat throughout the day?

Lucy's blood sugar levels will drop, her stomach will growl, and the lateral hypothalamus will secrete orexin, which will in turn initiate feelings of hunger.

What is one of the goals of public policies aimed at addressing the link between poverty and obesity?

Menu labeling in chain restaurants

Which statement is accurate regarding obesity rates and environmental factors?

Obesity rates are highest among people living in poverty.

__________ is a hormone secreted by the lateral hypothalamus that produces feelings of hunger.

Orexin

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs are at the bottom of the hierarchy and must be met first?

Physiological

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs represent the second level of the hierarchy?

Safety

What type of drive is learned through conditioning?

Secondary drive

Which theory states performance generally peaks with a moderate level of arousal?

Yerkes-Dodson law

Which brain structure has been strongly linked to emotions?

amygdala

Researchers find that the graphed relationship between stress levels and performance on learning and memory resembles __________.

an inverted U

The fight-or-flight response occurs when the __________ prepares the body for action and controls unconscious processes.

autonomic nervous system

According to self-determination theory, the need to be causal agents of one's own life without being controlled by others is called __________.

autonomy

The theory of emotion proposed by Richard Lazarus that the cognitive interpretation of an event or stimulus comes before the physiological arousal or emotional experience is called the _______ theory.

cognitive-mediational

Clark Hull proposed the __________ theory that states we act when a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need.

drive-reduction

When we use cognitive strategies to control and influence our own emotional responses, we are engaging in __________.

emotional regulation

Prior experience of a stimulus, such as seeing an angry face, causes a(n) __________, which primes us to react with a certain emotion even if we didn't consciously detect the stimulus.

exposure effect

People who are motivated to engage in a particular behavior to gain a reward or to avoid a negative outcome are demonstrating __________.

extrinsic motivation

Dante is working on his math homework and is doing so with a furrowed brow and deep frown. His father suggests that Dante hold a pencil in his teeth, forcing a smile, and then tackle his homework. Dante does so and tells his father he feels much less frustration while completing his math problems. This illustrates the __________.

facial feedback hypothesis

Individuals with a __________ view intelligence as something within us that we cannot change.

fixed mindset

According to Dweck's self-theory of motivation, the belief that one's abilities can be developed through effort and dedication reflects a __________.

growth mindset

After failing a test, Betsy thinks that she definitely needs to put more effort into her studies in order to be successful on the next exam. Betsy is demonstrating a(n) __________.

growth mindset

Our sense of taste is also referred to as our __________.

gustatory sense

Easy tasks are performed best under __________ levels of arousal and difficult tasks are performed best under __________ levels of arousal.

higher; lower

The human tendency to drink cold liquid in the heat of summer and hot liquids in the cold of winter illustrates __________, the basic human drive to maintain equilibrium.

homeostasis

Between 1980 and 2013, the number of individuals classified as overweight or obese __________.

increased approximately 40 percent

Early theories of motivation focused on __________ as being the primary motivator of human behavior.

instincts

William James defined __________ as unlearned complex behaviors with a fixed pattern throughout a species.

instincts

Andrew has just experienced the death of his dog and must give a previously scheduled presentation to his colleagues. He feels as if he cannot show his grief in public and thinks it best to downplay his internal feelings and appear upbeat for his presentation. Andrew is __________ his emotions.

masking

To test the James-Lange theory of emotions, studies examining the emotional experiences of people with spinal cord injuries found __________.

no differences between people with or without spinal cord injuries in terms of arousal, valence, or intensity of emotion.

Dakota sees a good friend across campus and waves him down. His friend does not respond and instead, continues to walk very slowly with his head down and his shoulders drawn. Dakota finally catches up to his friend and notices that his eyes look as if he has been crying. Without saying a word, Dakota has been able to determine that his friend is likely sad based on __________.

nonverbal emotional cues

The __________ states that people are driven to achieve an ideal level of arousal.

optimal arousal theory

Which theory of motivation is thought to explain why some people are drawn to high-risk or thrill-seeking behaviors such as bungee jumping or race-car driving?

optimal arousal theory

When an external incentive is added to behaviors that are already driven by intrinsic motivation, internal motivation can end up decreasing. This is known as the __________ effect.

overjustification

A fad diet describes weight loss plans that __________.

promise quick and drastic results through methods that are not healthy and rarely promote long-term weight loss

Edward Deci's 1971 study demonstrated that providing an external incentive to people who were already inherently interested in a task or activity ___________.

reduced interest in the activity over time

According to self-determination theory, __________ refers to the need to feel connected to other people in meaningful ways.

relatedness

Madison enjoys going to her part-time job as a car hop at the local burger joint on campus. Madison works hard and looks forward to picking up her paycheck every two weeks so that she can pay for her groceries. Madison's paycheck is an example of a __________.

secondary drive

One of the reasons why being in poverty also places someone at risk for becoming obese is because ___________.

there are fewer supermarkets in inner cities but increased access to fast food chains

When people are offered larger portion sizes, research has found that __________.

they eat much more

The __________ theory of emotion proposes that cognitive evaluation following physiological arousal leads to the experience of emotion.

two-factor

A(n) __________ is a positive or negative value along a continuum assigned to an emotion.

valence

One question still debated among researchers regarding self-determination theory is ___________.

whether self-determination theory is universally valid across cultures

Which theory of emotion proposes that mental and physiological components of emotion happen simultaneously?

Cannon-Bard

What were the findings of Lepper's research on rewards and extrinsic motivation?

Children told they would receive a reward for something they were already interested in doing showed a decrease in interest after the reward was removed.

__________ is a subjective reaction to an object, event, person, or memory that includes physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and cognitive experiences.

Emotion

__________ is a hormone released by the pancreas that tells the body to convert glucose to fat.

Insulin

As Karl was hiking on his favorite remote trail, a bear and her cubs appeared from the brush and onto the trail ahead. Karl's heart began to race, his breathing became rapid and shallow, and his skin started to bead up with sweat. After his body's response to the bear, Karl began to experience extreme fear. This illustrates the __________ theory of emotion.

James-Lange

Which theory of emotion proposes that our emotions are the result of physiological arousal?

James-Lange theory

Which of the following is a secondary drive in humans?

Money

__________ is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Motivation

__________ are based on innate biological needs, such as hunger and thirst.

Primary drives

What do most psychologists believe about instinct theory as an explanation for human behavior?

Rather than purely instinctual, psychologists now believe human behavior is primarily motivated by a combination of biological and psychological states.

If you do not know whether you should cry at a movie while visiting friends in Japan, you may be confused about:

display rules in Japan

Divina is attending class because she knows her professor takes attendance. To incentivize student attendance, students who miss fewer than two classes will not have to take the comprehensive final. The attendance policy serves as __________ for Divina's decision to attend class.

extrinsic motivation

The theory of emotion that proposes facial expressions can influence emotional experiences is called the __________.

facial feedback hypothesis

According to Dweck's self-theory of motivation, the belief that our abilities are inborn and unchangeable reflects a __________.

fixed mindset

Ekman identified six basic emotions that are universally expressed: anger, happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, and __________.

suprise

Generally speaking, people will selectively perceive stimuli _________.

that is congruent with their emotional state

According to Plutchik's model, fear and surprise yield awe. What does this tell us about his model?

the multitude of emotions can be described as combinations of basic emotions

What requirements must be met in order for a behavior to be considered an "instinct"?

A behavior must be unlearned and must follow a fixed pattern across all members of a species.

After visiting her doctor for an annual wellness check, Jeri learns she has a BMI of 26. As someone who is involved in the local body building club, Jeri is surprised and disappointed to learn her BMI actually indicates she is overweight. Given her fitness level, what likely explains Jeri's higher than normal BMI?

BMI readings can be inaccurate for extreme athletes due to higher than normal muscle mass.

Kendrick experiences intense performance anxiety while performing his dance routine. He finally seeks help from a professional to combat his debilitating performance anxiety and find the perfect balance of arousal and performance. What type of professional is Kendrick most likely to benefit from?

A sports psychologist

Carlton's mother is encouraging her son to manage his time so that he is not running late to class every morning. What kind of verbal reward is likely to be the most effective approach when his mother notices Carlton's efforts at improving his time management?

"Carlton, you are getting really great at managing your time and prioritizing punctuality."

In the United States, health care costs associated with obesity are estimated at __________.

$147-$210 billion dollars a year

Which psychologist proposed that motivation was based on a hierarchy of needs whereby people must have certain lower needs met before they are motivated to achieve higher goals?

Abraham Maslow

What is meant by putting on a "poker face"?

Neutralizing internal feelings so others have no clue about how you are feeling

__________ suggests that our body is biologically programmed to defend a certain body weight.

Set point theory

What is the result when humans act to restore homeostasis?

The resulting reduction in physiological tension serves to reinforce the behavior.

China has experienced skyrocketing rates of obesity over the last 30 years. How do researchers explain this phenomenon?

The rise of Western-style fast food restaurants has become increasingly popular in China.

How we label our emotions is an important consideration, given that patterns of physiological arousal can be very similar. What theory of emotion does this statement support?

Two-factor theory

Which of the following is a primary drive in humans?

Water

When might adding an extrinsic motivator be most beneficial?

When you want to encourage the performance of a behavior or activity that is not already inherently appealing.

According to self-determination theory, the three universal psychological needs are __________.

autonomy, relatedness, and competence

National and local relief agencies, along with first responders, arriving on the scene of a massive hurricane use Maslow's hierarchy of needs to distribute relief aid. Typically, an immediate need corresponding to Maslow's physiological needs to be met is __________.

access to clean water