psychology ch. 5 sleeping, dreaming, and consciousness
sleep apnea
A defect in the breathing centers of the brain may cause some cases of _____.
Raphe Nucleus
A group of serotonin-containing neurons extending from the raphe nuclei, located in the pons and medulla throughout the limbic system and forebrain
insomnia
A person who has difficulty falling asleep may be suffering from _____.
The true meaning of the dream.
According to Freud, what is the latent content of a dream?
False
According to the "sleeping to avoid predators" theory, sleep replaces resources that we depleted in our daily activities.
the individual usually lies down and continues sleeping.
After experiencing a sleep terror,
traveling from east to west.
An example of a phase delay would be:
decreased
Animals demonstrate ________ performance when sleep deprivation follows a learning task.
experience REM sleep.
Bats:
adenosine
Caffeine helps keep us awake by blocking ____________ receptors.
24-hour
Circadian rhythms vary around what type of cycle?
stress
College students often experience insomnia prior to exams or class presentations due to __________.
has waves of reduced amplitude.
Compared to Stage 4 sleep, Stage 1:
The baby will spend more time in Stage 4 and REM.
Compared to a man in his 60s, how might a newborn's sleep pattern differ?
is an ineffective application of hypnosis.
Compared to using hypnosis for pain relief, hypnosis for memory enhancement:
Same levels post-coffee.
Comparing pre- and post-coffee drinking, what might Nicole's adenosine levels look like?
sleep-deprived rats ate more but lost weight.
Contrary to what one would expect:
True
Damage to the somatosensory cortex can result in sensory neglect, a lack of awareness of stimuli on one side of the body.
50%
Decreases of ______ were seen in new hippocampal cell growth after 96 hours of sleep deprivation.
divided attention.
Dissociation theory to explain hypnosis is most similar to the idea of:
In narcolepsy, REM is the first stage.
Distinguish narcolepsy from normal sleep cycling.
False
Drug use is the most common cause of insomnia.
require higher doses over time to continue to be effective.
Drugs used to treat insomnia:
False
Due to narcolepsy, you find yourself trying to sleep, but you are still awake at 12:00 a.m., 12:25, 1:05, 1:45, and 2:00 a.m.
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Hallucinogenic drug derived from a fungus that grows on ryegrass that produces profound distortions of sensations, feelings, time, and thought.
Both can involve frequent awakenings.
How are sleep apnea and insomnia related?
True
Humans and rats operate on a circadian rhythm.
ulcers.
Hypnosis has been effective in treating:
heightened suggestibility
Hypnosis is believed by some researchers to be a state of _____.
pontine reticular formation
Muscular movement is inhibited during REM sleep by activity in a network of cells called the ________, located in the pons of the brain.
orexin
Narcolepsy may be caused by a deficiency of the neurotransmitter _____.
consciousness.
Neuroscience suggests that the somatosensory and cingulate cortices are essential to our experience of:
females
Nightmares tend to have greater prevalence in __________.
True
Ninety-six hours of sleep deprivation in animals caused a 50% reduction in new cell growth in the hippocampus.
False, all mammals and some birds have been found to experience REM.
Only humans experience REM - true or false?
Sleeping for restoration.
People often sleep for longer periods after tiring events. This evidence supports which theory of why we sleep?
False
Physiological arousal is higher in NREM than REM sleep.
True
REM behavior disorder involves acting out dreams during REM sleep.
Parkinson's disease
REM behavior disorder is prevalent in patients with ____________.
No. Research has shown that hypnosis is not effective in treating overeating.
Richard is a compulsive overeater who wants to try hypnosis to control his overeating. Should he?
posthypnotic suggestion.
Robert underwent hypnosis. During the session, the hypnotist instructed him to bark like a dog when someone said the word "Biscuit" once he was out of the hypnotic state. The hypnotist gave Robert a(n):
Sleeping to conserve energy.
Sleep helps to prevent exhaustion. Which theory of sleep function does this support?
delta
Sleep stages 3 and 4 share _______ waves.
Sleep talking occurs at any time, compared to Stages 3 and 4 for sleepwalking.
Sleep talking and sleepwalking are dissimilar in that:
True
Sleep terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep.
false
Sleep terrors often involve the individual waking up and realizing he/she had a bad dream.
Stages 3 and 4
Sleepwalking is more likely to occur in ______________.
Stages 3 and 4
Sleepwalking is usually experienced during _____.
Stage 1
Someone who has been awakened would likely not report having been asleep if they were in __________ sleep.
sleep talking
Somniloquy is the technical term for _____.
theta
Stage 1 sleep contains low frequency, low amplitude waves called _________ waves.
reticular activating system
Susan is wide awake and does not feel sleepy in the least. Her _________ is active.
medulla
Susceptible infants will stop breathing if there is a malfunction in the breathing centers in the ________.
differ in their length.
The first and last REM stages:
Sigmund Freud
The idea that dream content is symbolic of unconscious fantasies belongs to _____.
no evidence
The idea that hypnosis can increase a person's capacity to perform beyond natural limits has ____________.
eye
The only part of the body to move vigorously during dreams is the _____.
melatonin
The sleep cycle of individuals who travel across time zones can be regulated by _________.
hypothalamus
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is part of the ___________.
True
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the biological clock in humans.
alpha; beta
The two brain wave patterns that you are likely to see during the time when an individual is awake are _______ and _________ waves.
False
We do not normally act out our dreams because we are not cognitively aware at the time we have them.
rapid eye movement
What does REM stand for?
Electrical activity in the muscles.
What does the EMG measure?
Both are considered low frequency
What is a similarity between Stage 1 and Stage 4 brain waves?
REM deprivation may have severe consequences in humans.
What is the current consensus of opinion concerning the relationship of REM sleep to emotional stability?
False
When Michael is running around the playground, clearly awake and alert, his adenosine levels are likely high.
free-running rhythm.
When Susan finds herself staying up later each night and sleeping in later each morning over summer break, this is an example of:
a free-running rhythm.
When a watch with a dying battery runs slowly and is reset each day, the running slowly represents:
not enhance memory.
When it comes to effects of hypnosis, it has been shown to:
consciousness
a sense of self and the world around us.
dissociation theory
a theory of hypnosis, proposed by Ernest Hilgard, in which our behaviors become separated from or dissociated from our awareness.
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
an area of the hypothalamus that is located above the optic chiasm and that exterts the main control over biological rhythms; also referred to as a biological clock because damage to this area disrupts daily cycles in sleep and other biological functions.
nightmare
bad dream that occurs during REM sleep.
sedatives
class of depressant drugs, including tranquilizers, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines, that induce relaxation, calmness, and sleep.
sleep disorders
class of disorders that interfere with sleep, including apnea, terrors, nightmares, and sleepwalking.
Hallucinogens
class of psychoactive drugs, including LSD and ecstasy, that alter sensory perceptions, thinking processes, and emotions, often causing delusions, hallucinations, and altered sense of time and space.
Stage 1 Sleep
light sleep that occurs just after dozing off, characterized by brain waves called theta waves.
biological rhythms
natural variations in biological functions, hormonal activity, temperature, and sleep that typically cycle every twenty-four to twenty-five hours, also called circadian rhythms.
sleep
natural, periodically occurring state of rest characterized by reduced activity, lessened responsiveness to stimuli, and distinctive patterns of brain activity
dependence
physiological adaptation to repeated drug administration that can lead to withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of drug use.
stimulants
psychoactive drugs, including caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine, that stimulate the central nervous system by increasing the transmission of neural impulses.
depressants
psychoactive drugs, including opiates, sedatives, and alcohol, that have the effect of slowing down or depressing central nervous system activity.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
set of neural circuits extending from the lower brain up to the thalamus that plays a critical role in controlling arousal and alertness; also known as reticular formation.
insomnia
sleep disorder characterized by a consistent inability to get to sleep or by frequent awakening during sleep.
narcolepsy
sleep disorder characterized by falling asleep suddenly and uncontrollably.
sleep apnea
sleep disorder characterized by irregular breathing during sleep.
sleep terror
sleep disorder in which a person suddenly awakens from Stage 4 sleep in panic, typically with no recollection of a bad dream.
sleepwalking
sleep disorder, characterized by walking in one's sleep during Stage 3 or 4 of NREM sleep; also known as somnambulism.
stage 2 sleep
stage of sleep that typically follows Stage 1 sleep characterized by brief bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles as well as K-complex responses to stimuli such as noises.
stage 3 sleep
stage of sleep that typically follows stage 2 sleep, characterized by an EEG tracing, 20 to 50 percent of which consists of delta waves and virtually no eye movements.
NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep
stages of sleep during which rapid eye movements typically do not occur (Dreaming occurs far less frequently during NREM sleep than during REM sleep).
hypnosis
state of altered consciousness characterized by a deep relaxation and detachment, as well as heightened suggestibility to the hypnotist's directives.
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
state of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and often associated with dreaming.
posthypnotic suggestion
suggestion or instruction to a hypnotized person that motivates that person to perform an action or actions after returning to a normal state of consciousness.
free will
the assertion that our choices and actions are not caused by antecedent events, but emerge spontaneously from the mind.
hypnotic suggestibility
the predisposition to attend to a hypnotist's suggestions.
sleep talking
the production of speech or speech sounds associated with sleep without subjective awareness; also referred to as somniloquy.
stage 4 sleep
deepest level of sleep, characterized by an EEG tracing exceeding 50 percent delta waves and virtually no eye movements.
marijuana
drug derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, containing the chemical THC (delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol)
blood-brain barrier
glial cells tightly packed around capillaries in the brain to prevent substances from entering or leaving the blood
latent content
in psychoanalysis theory, the hidden content or true meaning of dreams.
manifest content
in psychoanalytic theory, the disguised version of the latent content, or true meaning, of dreams.
True
Melatonin can be used to help regulate the sleep cycles of individuals who travel across time zones.
True
Michael is 65 years old, and wakes up frequently in the night to any noise because of his Stage 4 sleep decreasing.
elevated.
Michael is asleep, and he is currently dreaming. You would assume that his blood pressure would be:
False
If an individual dreamed of a train entering a tunnel, the interpretation that this represented a penis entering a vagina would be the manifest content.
Yes, many states around the country have daylight savings time, which involves a phase shift. After an initial adjustment, people get used to the new schedule.
If the light-dark period changes, do humans adapt to a phase shift?
90
In a night's sleep, we move through successive sleep cycles that are each about _____ minutes long.
False
In a sleep laboratory, individuals who are irritable, anxious, hostile, aggressive, and have difficulty concentrating are likely being deprived of Stage 3 sleep.
would result in ignoring the left visual field.
In comparison to a stroke in the left parietal lobe, a stroke in the right parietal lobe:
the person feeling sleepy.
In comparison to activation of the RAS, activation of the raphe nucleus would result in:
True
In general, low amplitude brain waves with higher frequency are more characteristic of an awake brain.
False
In order to feel awake, Kayla drinks caffeine, which increases her adenosine levels.
increase dreaming time
In subsequent sleep periods, people who are deprived of dreaming tend to _____.
False
It has been estimated that about 50% of the general population has sleep apnea.
True
It is easiest to wake someone from Stage 1 sleep.
Sleeping to avoid predation.
It is possible that humans sleep at night because we are not physically adapted to function well at night to protect ourselves. Which theory of sleep function does this support?
second
James has been sleeping for two hours and he is likely in his ________ cycle of sleep.
Stage 2
Jimmy's brain-wave patterns are showing increasing numbers of sleep spindles and K complexes. He is in _______ sleep.
True
Mark would benefit from seeing a hypnotist for his stress-related asthma.
False
Matthew should see a hypnotist to help manage his alcohol consumption.
True
When you are awake and alert, perhaps studying for your psychology exam, you likely have beta brain waves occurring.
True
When, Michael is running around the playground, clearly awake and alert, his reticular activating system is activated.
Narcolepsy
Which of the following is also known as a "sleep attack"?
Serotonin
Which of the following neurotransmitters is important to arousal?
Results for humans have not been nearly as severe as those observed in rats.
Which of the following results of sleep deprivation studies in humans have been shown?
Sleeping for restoration.
Which theory of sleep necessity has hormonal support?
Deep sleep is likely to disappear with age.
Why are older people are much more easily awakened than younger people?
It is easier to delay the sleep-wake cycle than to advance it.
Why is it easier to travel from east to west than from west to east?
addiction
a brain disease caused by repeated administration of drugs that rapidly increase dopamine activity resulting in structural and functional changes to the mesolimbic system and frontal cortex (not all drugs that cause dependence necessarily cause addiction).
opiates (Narcotics)
a class of depressant drugs that includes opium, morphine, codeine, and heroin.
tolerance
a decrease in the effectiveness of a drug observed after repeated administration.
amphetamines
a group of powerful stimulants, including Benzedrine, Dexedrine, and Ritalin, that dramatically increase alertness and promote a feeling of euphoria.
melatonin
a hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates circadian rhythms (Melatonin may promote sleep onset in individuals with insomnia or those who have traveled east).
sensory neglect
a lack of awareness of or attention to stimuli on one side of the body when damage has occurred to the opposite-side parietal lobe.
anandamide
a naturally occurring substance that binds to THC receptors in the brain; marijuana contains THC, which also binds to these receptors.
