Psychology Ch 8 - Memory
Which statement BEST captures the relationship between priming and a retrieval cue?
Priming is the unconscious awakening of memories based on retrieval cues.
Meredith remembers the first several companies she contacted in her job search, but not the next few; this exemplifies the _____ effect.
primacy
Larry has just graduated from college and is going on his first job interview. He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job. Because of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class, Larry asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?
The serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicants interviewed in the middle of the group.
Tim remembers the exact moment he heard about the 2012 mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Tim has a(n) _____ memory for this event.
flashbulb
Ralph came home quite drunk from a party on Saturday night. Luckily, he was given a ride home. He threw his apartment keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys again until he is once again drunk because of:
state-dependent memory.
When something good happens to people, the rest of their life feels more positive. This is BEST explained by:
state-dependent memory.
Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:
infantile amnesia.
Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten one on several occasions.
cerebellum
The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the _____ lobes and the hippocampus.
frontal
Sonya is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her hippocampus, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age. This inability to remember events when she was 3 years old and younger is called _____. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished. Your answer:
infantile amnesia
It's evening and Benson is mentally replaying the day's events. He pictures his facial expression as he listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because he was unable to see his expression at the time, his recall necessarily illustrates:
reconsolidation.
Cori studied French in high school but has not heard or spoken French in years. Her friend introduces her to someone from France. He begins speaking French and Cori cannot understand a word. A week later after studying, she understands and can respond correctly. Cori was able to improve so rapidly due to:
relearning.
Luca has been studying all week for his final exam in biology. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within _____ before sleep will be remembered well.
1 hour
Kaleb decided to go to his 25-year high school reunion. He looked in his yearbook to see whose pictures he might recognize. According to one study, he should expect to recognize approximately _____ percent of his classmates' pictures.
90
_____ is a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease.
Amnesia
_____ amnesia involves an inability to form new memories.
Anterograde
Martha is studying the chapter on personality for her psychology exam. To make it easier to remember the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) she uses the first letter of each trait to spell OCEAN. Martha is using:
a mnemonic device.
According to _____, one reason that people forget is because they are repressing painful memories.
Freud
After a severe bout of encephalitis, Clive Wearing could no longer develop new memories. Clive suffered from _____ amnesia.
anterograde
During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterward, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:
anterograde amnesia.
The feeling that one has had the same experience before is known as _____.
déjà vu
Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked, "Have I met you before?" She replied, "No," and walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of:
déjà vu.
When Lisa earns a perfect score on a(n) _____ test in history, she passes a _____ test of memory.
essay; recall
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced by the neurotransmitter:
glutamate.
Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:
helps one to understand how memory works.
Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving found that deep processing, based on an item's _____, produced better recognition.
meaning
Megan starts making a grocery list early in the week, and adds items daily throughout the week. At the end of the week, when Megan gets to the grocery store, she realizes that she left her list at home. The items she is MOST likely to recall on the list are those that she added:
most recently.
Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory for:
one's first kiss.
When bits of information do not compete with each other, and actually facilitate memory, it is called _____.
positive transfer
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called _____.
repression
Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of a defense mechanism called _____.
repression
Some therapists suggest that clients have pushed memories of childhood victimization into the unconscious mind. In other words, therapists attribute clients' inability to a mechanism called:
repression.
Carmen is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Carmen is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Carmen is using _____ cues to remember the woman's name.
retrieval
Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory, Gina is having difficulty with _____.
retrieval
In daily life, when one says one remembers some information or a piece of knowledge, one means that one is able to use it. Memory, therefore, entails not only encoding and storage but also _____.
retrieval
An oldie playing on the radio reminds Donald of events that occurred when the song was current. For Donald, the song is acting as a:
retrieval cue.
Jake is describing a chance encounter with an acquaintance. "I couldn't remember her name, yet it was on the tip of my tongue!" he exclaims. Jake is experiencing a failure of a memory process called:
retrieval.
After studying biology all afternoon, Marcus is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material he memorized that morning. Marcus' difficulty BEST illustrates _____ interference.
retroactive
Bruce watches a new television program with enthusiasm. He then watches a second, similar program. Bruce later finds it difficult to remember the details of the first program; he finds that details about the second program keep intruding. What has probably occurred?
retroactive interference
Although Jordan cannot recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently, he clearly remembers the poem's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of:
semantic encoding.
In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order?
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
At a block party, Marci meets nine new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. Her experience illustrates the _____ effect.
serial position
Before going home, Dr. Rosen tries to flesh out his patient notes. He can remember the first and last sessions of the day, but his memory of the middle ones is a bit fuzzy. Dr. Rosen is a victim of the _____ effect.
serial position
After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her _____ memory.
short-term
Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he does not have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because:
short-term memory is limited in duration and capacity.
Phone companies created seven-digit phone numbers because this amount BEST suits the capacity of one's:
short-term memory.
Forest often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as _____ amnesia.
source
Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long term. He is taking advantage of the _____ effect.
spacing
After having an argument with one's significant other, one is likely to view him or her very negatively as a person. This is BEST seen as reflecting:
state-dependent memory.
If one learns a list of chemistry terms while one is in a great mood, one has a better chance of recalling that list if one is in the same kind of mood when one takes the exam. This is known as:
state-dependent memory.
New memories are _____; they need to be _____ if one wants to remember them.
weak; exercised
As Trent reads a textbook, he actively integrates sentences with the memory representation of earlier sentences that he is maintaining in memory. Trent's active processing is taking place in _____ memory.
working
Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, _____ memory is MOST important.
working
Memories become reliable when children reach the age of:
4.
On a business trip last year, Susan and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. Susan really hates to fly. In the middle of the flight, Susan and Pam experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Susan remembers this incident as if it were yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why?
Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes.
Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her _____ because of the emotional nature of the event.
amygdala
Forgetting can occur:
at any stage of memory.
As strange as it may seem, James has run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. He gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. His ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times he has run into the co-worker is known as:
automatic processing.
When one is picturing a chart in a textbook and thinking about what a professor discussed about the topic in class, one is utilizing the _____ aspect of working memory.
central executive
Damage to a brain area called the _____ would MOST likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog that had bitten one on several occasions.
cerebellum
Learning to ride a bike is likely to require activation of the _____ rather than the _____.
cerebellum and basal ganglia; hippocampus
Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. However, the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:
explicit memory and implicit memory.
Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being repeatedly shown words.
explicit; implicit
Given the research on _____, it is likely that many mammalian species can differentiate animals by their facial characteristics.
facial recognition
Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that the _____ in her brain was NOT fully developed at that age.
hippocampus
The unconscious memory for learned skills is known as _____ memory.
implicit
Two-year-old Jackson's older brother popped a balloon in his face. This caused Jackson to become afraid when he next saw his brother with a balloon. This classically conditioned fear of the balloon is an example of a(n) _____ memory.
implicit
The unconscious memory for learned skills is known as:
implicit memory.
A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines _____ of the poem.
in the middle
Sonya is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her hippocampus, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age. This inability to remember events when she was 3 years old and younger is called _____.
infantile amnesia
Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although she was not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because:
it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time.
Echoic sensory memory:
lasts longer than visual sensory memory.
James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. He may have suffered damage to his:
left hippocampus.
Walking past a classroom's open door, Michael overhears an instructor say, "In the next unit, we will explore how information is acquired, stored, and retrieved for later use." Michael realizes that the next unit must be about:
memory.
An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
misinformation
Morris was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by a police officer to describe the young criminal, Morris recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Morris' experience BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
misinformation
Whenever Sunny gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience BEST illustrates:
mood-congruent memory.
Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred. Aaron is exhibiting:
motivated forgetting.
When questioning children about past events, it is important to use _____ words.
neutral
Imagine one has to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory test is known as:
recognition.
Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a good chance to pass by using:
recognition.
Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.
short-term
Preserving information is to accessing information as _____ is to _____.
storage; retrieval
The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by:
stress hormones.
An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates:
the misinformation effect.
Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by a police officer to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates:
the misinformation effect.
If Lola begins to list all the classes she's ever taken in college, she will MOST likely recall her last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called?
the recency effect
If the functioning of one's cerebellum is impaired, one would have trouble:
tying a knot.
Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that:
he has a flashbulb memory for this event.
Damage to the _____ would MOST likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.
hippocampus
Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is MOST likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was NOT fully developed at that age.
hippocampus
Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.
iconic
Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This _____ memory provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image, that lasts only a few tenths of a second.
iconic
Luke experiences some damage to his cerebellum. Based on information provided in the textbook, Luke's _____ memory may be impaired.
implicit
Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This BEST illustrates their retention of _____ memories.
implicit
Whenever Rachel gets blue, she immediately is flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Rachel's experience BEST illustrates _____ memory.
mood-congruent
Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because:
of the automatic processing of space.
Which of these will one MOST likely store as an implicit memory?
one's conditioned fear of guns
Sebastian took three years of Latin in high school. In college, he takes three courses in Spanish. By the end of college, he finds it hard to remember much Latin. Sebastian is experiencing _____ interference.
retroactive
In _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident.
retrograde; anterograde
Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has MOST likely suffered damage to his:
right hippocampus.
Dora found the serial number of the used car she wanted to purchase online. To remember the 11-digit number, 19801776317, she thought of the number as the year she was born (1980), the date of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the area code of her home phone (317). Dora was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the car's serial number.
chunking
Research with the sea slug Aplysia has contributed to psychologists' understanding of not only long-term potentiation but also:
classical conditioning.
Carlos cannot remember Juan Alvarez's name because he was not paying attention when Juan was formally introduced. Carlos' poor memory is BEST explained in terms of _____ failure.
encoding
Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider:
the context in which learning occurred.
When one goes for a job interview and is introduced to many people, whose name is one MOST likely to remember?
the first person one meets
After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates:
the misinformation effect.
Julaine and Trystan are taking a political science midterm. The test covers five chapters. Yesterday, Julaine studied all five chapters in an 8-hour marathon session. Trystan studied the material over a 5-day period, for just over 90 minutes each day. All else being equal, which student is likely to perform best on the test, and why?
Trystan should outperform Julaine, because distributed practice is superior to massed practice.
From another room, Amanda called out to Juan to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Juan thought he had not heard what Amanda had asked. A second later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the bedroom dresser." A specific type of sensory memory called _____ memory can explain this phenomenon.
Echoic
The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This BEST illustrates that emotional states can be _____ cues.
retrieval
John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident at the hands of a drunk driver. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.
flashbulb
Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This BEST illustrates their retention of _____ memory.
implicit
Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was 2 years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as _____ amnesia.
infantile
After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Samantha was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Samantha mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Samantha's experience BEST illustrates the _____ effect.
misinformation
With respect to interference, _____ is to forgetting new information as _____ is to forgetting old information.
proactive; retroactive
A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of testing retention using:
recall.
Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as _____ is to _____.
recall; recognition
"Cat food, cola, toothpaste . . ." Ned's roommate recites items over the phone as he throws his books in the back seat and gets into his car. Ned is supposed to stop at the store on the way home. The roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up, ". . . coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Ned forgets a couple of things, but he does get the coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix. His memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.
recency
At a block party, Derek meets nine new neighbors. Moments later, he can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors he met. The fact that Derek can remember the last two people he met BEST reflects the _____ effect.
recency
If one has NOT studied well for a test, in which format is one likely to get a higher score?
recognition
Randy agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing on which to record the number. So Randy repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Randy used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called _____.
rehearsal
Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.
rehearsal
The misinformation effect highlights the:
changeability of memory.
It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as _____.
chunking
When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used a tactic called:
chunking.
Although one might wish that studying occurred automatically, successful studying, unfortunately, requires the attention and conscious work known as:
effortful processing.
Through the conscious repetition of information, people can encode information for long-term storage. This example BEST illustrates:
effortful processing.
Austin cannot remember Jack Smith's name because he was not paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of:
encoding failure.
Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This BEST illustrates the use of:
hierarchical organization.
Whenever Mindy experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Mindy's experience BEST illustrates _____ memory.
mood-congruent
When one encodes a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as _____ cues.
retrieval
Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that is being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in _____ memory.
sensory
Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.
flashbulb
"Cat food, cola, toothpaste . . ." Ned's roommate recites items over the phone as he throws his books in the back seat and gets into his car. Ned is supposed to stop at the store on the way home. The roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up, ". . . coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Ned forgets a couple of things, but he does get the cat food, cola, and toothpaste. His memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.
primacy
At a block party, Cyndi meets nine new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. The fact that Cyndi can remember the first few people she met BEST reflects the _____ effect.
primacy
When Bill studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, Bill is actively:
encoding, storing, and retrieving.
If one asked one's classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of:
encoding.
In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates a failure in the memory process of:
encoding.
Amelia remarks that she needs to learn the textbook's section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he could not remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. Amelia is making reference to the memory process called _____. Brian is referring to the memory process called _____.
encoding; retrieval
Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test; however, as he rereads the response options he remembers the correct answer. Chad has made use of a:
retrieval cue.
While taking his statistics exam, Charles is trying to remember a statistical formula that he studied the night before. However, he cannot seem to recall the correct information. Charles is failing to _____ information from his long-term memory.
retrieve
After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing:
retroactive interference.
With respect to interference, backward-acting is to forward-acting as _____ is to _____.
retroactive; proactive
Laurie, Jim's wife, complains that he never notices when she has made changes in her hairstyle. At her latest hair appointment, she had several inches cut from her hair. When Jim came home from work, he greeted her and did not notice or make a comment about her new hairstyle until Laurie pointed out his failure to notice. Jim may NOT have noticed the difference because of a(n):
encoding failure.
Xui was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She does not remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she was not paying attention. Xui's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of:
encoding failure.
If students study for a test by reviewing multiple-choice items, but the test is given in an essay format, they are not likely to do as well as they might have if the test were also multiple choice. This is explained by the:
encoding specificity principle.
One evening, Zoe examines the schedule for her favorite football team. The team plays 16 games each season. Later she tries recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team. It is highly likely that Zoe will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. This phenomenon is called the _____ effect.
primacy
In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron forms vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron is engaged in the process of:
priming.
Memories can often be triggered by an associated environmental stimulus. This process is called:
priming.
Whenever Mark tries to recall his new cell phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old cell phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by:
proactive interference.
While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty MOST clearly illustrates:
retrieval failure.
Xui is studying for her chemistry exam. After reviewing the information she learns in lecture and from the textbook, she takes practice tests to test her understanding and memory of what she has learned. Xui is using the distributed practice technique often called the:
testing effect.
Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory, Gina is having difficulty with:
retrieval.
Omar experienced a dissociative fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of a pet supplies display in a Boise, Idaho, discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, North Carolina. Omar's amnesia is BEST described as:
retrograde.
Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which will affect his _____ memory.
short-term
To make a long-distance call, Betty has to dial an unfamiliar phone number. She is likely to have trouble retaining the number she just looked up. This BEST illustrates the limited capacity of _____ memory.
short-term
Rachel's friend disappointed her, and she tells another friend, "That friend is really unreliable. She doesn't care about people's feelings." Later, when Rachel's friend apologizes and does something kind, Rachel tells a friend, "That friend is always so nice to me!" This alteration of perception is BEST explained by:
state-dependent memory.
Clarice presses the Ctrl and S keys on her keyboard to save a document. A file is then created on her computer's hard drive. Clarice's action is MOST analogous to the memory process of:
storage.
When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:
the misinformation effect.
A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over 3 hours. Though generally not claustrophobic, after 2 hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is MOST likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?
Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.
Jamal's brother often pretends to listen to what Jamal is saying when his brother is really focused elsewhere. When Jamal asks him, "What did I just say?" his brother can sometimes repeat Jamal's last few words. This MOST likely reflects his _____ memory.
echoic
_____ occurs when something learned previously interferes with one's recall of something learned later.
Proactive interference
The more _____ information is in two memories, the more likely it is that _____ will occur.
similar; interference
_____ memory is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse in one's memory system.
Long-term
Which statement is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory?
One remembers exactly what one was doing when one heard about the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012.
A police officer stops people to ask them about an automobile accident they may have witnessed the previous day. Since they were in the area at the time of the accident, the police officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Loftus and Palmer, how might the police officer's wording affect one's recollection of the incident?
People would be more likely to remember a more serious accident than if the police officer had used other wording (for example, "hit" each other).
Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage.
distributed practice
Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as:
source amnesia.