Psychology-Ch.7 Memory

schema

an idea or mental framework that helps one organize and interpret information

decay

disintegration; in psychology , the fading away of memory

recall

retrieval of learned information

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

the belief that a piece of information is stored in our memory although we cannot retrieve it easily

retrograde amnesia

the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

sensory memory

the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system

anterograde amnesia

the inability to form new memories because of brain trauma

infantile amnesia

the inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years (before three)

eidetic imagery

the maintenance of a very detailed visual memory over several months

storage

the maintenance of encoded information over time

retrieval

the process of recalling information from memory storage

interference

the process that occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and replaces what was already there

memory

the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

maintenancy rehearsal

the repitition of new information in an attempt to keep from forgetting it

iconic memory

the sensory register that briefly holds mental images of visual stimuli

echoic memory

the sensory registry in which traces of sounds are held and may be retrieved within several seconds

primacy effect

the tendency to recall the initial item or items in a series

recency effect

the tendency to recall the last item in a series

encoding

the translation of information into a form that can be stored in memory

long-term memory

the type of stage of memory capable of large and relatively permament storage

elaborative rehearsal

a memory device that creates a meaningful link between new information and the information already known

episodic memory

a memory of a specific experienced event

semantic memory

a memory of general knowledge and information that can be recalled

recognition

a memory process in which one identifies objects or events that have previously been encountered

implicit memory

a memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned

chunking

a mental process for organizing information into meaninful units or "chunks"

flashbulb memory

clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events

context-dependent memories

information that is more easily retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored

relearning

learning material a second time, usually in less time than it was originally learned

state-dependent memories

memories in which information is more easily retrieved when one is in the same physiological or emotional state as when the memory was originally encoded or learned

short-term memory

memory that holds information briefly before it is stored or forgotten