psychology chapter 1

Changes in feelings, emotions, and how people relate to one another belong primarily to which domain of development?

Psychosocial

Early observational studies of children conducted by Arnold Gesell were used to

establish standards for normal development.

Which of the following is the best example of a relatively specific change in development?

A sixth grader has her first menstrual period.

Matthew is running a study on the effects of room temperature on performance on an algebra test. One group takes the test in a room heated to 90 degrees, and the other group takes the test in a room with normal room temperature. What is the dependent variable?

Algebra test scores

Velma is running an experiment in which she is looking at the effects of lighting on reading speed. In one condition participants read in dim lighting, and in another they read under a reading lamp. What is the independent variable?

Amount of light

Which of the following studies would probably not be done because of ethical reasons?

An experimental study looking at the effects of corporal punishment on anxiety levels

The study in which individuals report on their activities and emotions whenever their electronic pager is beeped found which activity to be more positive for midlife fathers than mothers?

Child-care

In an experiment looking at the effects of television on aggression, one group of four-year-olds watches "Power Ranger" cartoons, and another group does not watch television. What is the name for the group that does not watch television?

Control

Which of the following words best captures the essence of the experimental approach?

Control

The key question involved in the issue of continuity with change is

How do we account for underlying cohesion in qualities, behaviors, and skills in spite of apparent change?

Which of the following best describes the sequential study

In this model at least two cohorts are compared with each other at different times.

Which of the following best describes the sequential study?

In this model at least two cohorts are compared with each other at different times.

Which of the following is a major advantage of a cross-sectional study as compared to a longitudinal study?

It can be done rather quickly and easily.

The major advantage of a longitudinal study over a cross-sectional study is that

It can look at changes within individuals, as well as between individuals.

Which of the following is a major limitation of a cross-sectional study as compared to a longitudinal study?

It compares age groups rather than individuals.

Which of the following is an example of an exosystem in John's life?

Mackey Printing Co., where John's father works

The questions, Does the child have friends? Does the child have responsibilities around the house? and Does the child get along with siblings? reflect concerns about which of Bronfenbrenner's levels?

Microsystem

Velma is running an experiment in which she is looking at the effects of lighting on reading speed. In one condition participants read in dim lighting, and in another they read under a reading lamp. What's the dependent variable?

Reading speed

Matthew is running a study on the effects of room temperature on performance on an algebra test. One group takes the test in a room heated to 90 degrees, and the other group takes the test in a room with normal room temperature. What is the independent variable?

Room temperature

Which type of study essentially combines the longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to examine age changes?

Sequential study

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship among physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains of development?

The three domains seem to be intertwined.

The study in which individuals report on their activities and emotional states whenever their electronic pager is beeped found which of the following activities to be more positive for midlife mothers than for fathers?

Time with friends

The key question involved in the issue of developmental diversity is

What factors create differences in individuals' development across the lifespan?

An example of development in the cognitive domain during late adulthood is

achievement of wisdom.

Compared to naturalistic studies, experimental studies

are more logically organized.

In naturalistic research, a scientist attempts to study behavior

as it normally occurs.

Professor Pepper found a positive correlation between the amount of soft drinks pregnant women drink and birth weight of their children. Dr. Pepper can conclude that

as soft drink consumption increases, birth weight increases

Professor Pepper found a positive correlation between the amount of soft drinks pregnant women drink and birth weight of their children. Dr. Pepper can conclude that

as soft drink consumption increases, birth weight increases.

In a well-designed experiment, the control group should

be equal to the experimental group before the experiment.

Sigmund Freud developed his ideas about psychoanalysis by intensive work with single patients. You might say that he developed his theory and technique through the use of

case studies.

Principles of informed consent involve all of the following except

compensation for participation.

lifespan development

conception to death, how we change and stay in different domains (physically, cognitively/ thinking, psychosocially), how nature and nurture interact with one another in different context

An example of newborn psychosocial domain development is

crying.

A hypothesis differs from a research question primarily in its

degree of precision.

Through the study of some five hundred children, Arnold Gesell

developed the first set of norms for child development.

nurture

development occurs gradually- like a ramp, development comes from out environment and experiences

nature

development occurs in stages like steps, development originates from within us

In the area of developmental psychology, ethical issues are more complicated because

developmental psychology often deals with younger and more vulnerable or more elderly groups than other branches of psychology.

The scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, personality, social relationships, and body and motor skills evolve as an individual grows older is referred to as

developmental psychology.

The period of development known as adolescence

did not exist in medieval times.

An example of early childhood (preschool) development in the cognitive domain includes

dramatic play.

Comparing the macrosystem for child and family policy in the United States to those of European countries, the United States

has more often failed to coordinate services to support families.

If you study moral development by following a group of five-year-olds over a period of ten years by measuring their moral behavior and concepts each year until they are fifteen you are conducting a(n)

longitudinal study.

If your primary concern is to examine how individuals actually change from one time to another, you should conduct a(n)

longitudinal study.

The cross-sectional study method allows the researcher to

observe persons of different ages at one point of time.

At the mesosystem level of Bronfenbrenner's approach, one might examine

parent-teacher relationships.

The domain of development primarily concerned with changes in the brain, sense organs, and muscles in the __________.

physical

All of the following are essential components of the scientific method except

quantitative data analysis.

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables?

r = -.11

Lifespan psychology differs from other fields of developmental study in all of the following distinctive ways except in

reducing individual diversity to the common or normal standard of development.

The inquiry Does the Head Start preschool program work? is best characterized as a

research question

After conducting an experiment and interpreting the results, researchers Professor Zbornak and Dr. Nylund want to publish their study. They need to do all of the following except

run the experiment again to check their results.

In DaSean's child psychology class he is conducting a research project on mother-infant interactions. He has already formulated a research question; his next step should be to

state her question as a hypothesis.

Professor Poppins is gathering information about the quality of day care used by working parents in a large metropolitan area. She needs to gather information in a timely fashion from a fairly large representative sample. Professor Poppins should probably use

surveys

As attitudes about children turned from giving them early responsibilities to young children as unique and innocent, all of the following increased except

taking children's opinions more seriously.

Charles Darwin's research is representative of the earliest form of conducted developmental research called

the baby biography.

One of the complications of ethically meeting the freedom-to-participate issue with young research participants is that

they may not fully understand the purpose of the experiment.

One advantage experimental studies have over naturalistic studies is that

they tend to be more logically organized.

All of the following are reasons for studying development except

to be able to predict the role of sleep in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

As a scientific method, the most common use of the case study approach is

to explore new or unexpected connections among behaviors, needs, and social relationships.