Psychology chapter 11

Brianna is 18 months old. she cries frequently, is hard to soothe, and wakes frequently during the night. according to Thomas and Chess, she would be considered __________ a. an easy baby b. a difficult baby c. a slow to warm up baby d. a colicky baby

b. a difficult baby

self-concept refers to ________ a. our level of confidence in our own abilities b. all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves c. the belief that we control our own outcomes d. the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control

b. all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

Jane believes that she got a bad grade on her psychology paper because her processor doesn't like her. Jane most likely has an ___________ locus of control a. internal b. external c. intrinsic d. extrinsic

b. external

the united states is considered a culture a. collectivists b. individualist c. traditional d. nontraditional

b. individualist

the id operates on the ___________ principle. a. reality b. pleasure c. instant gratification d. guilt

b. pleasure

a personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing unconscious feelings, impulses, and desires a. self-report inventory b. projective test c. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) d. myers-briggs type indicator (MBTI)

b. projective test

the way a person reacts to the world, starting when they are very young, including the person's activity level is known as _____________ a. traits b. temperament c. heritability d. personality

b. temperament

The primary contributors to social-cognitive theory are ___. A. Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel. B. Skinner, Watson, and Adler. C. Jung, Adler, and Horney. D. Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell.

A. Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively. A. become neurotic strategies B. lose their effectiveness C. result in a complete mental breakdown D. result in obsessive-compulsive behavior

A. Become neurotic strategies

Which of the following psychodynamic theorists supported the view that humans share a collective unconscious? A. Carl Jung B. Karen Horney C. Erik Erikson D. Alfred Adler

A. Carl Jung

Which of the following most clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development? A. Freud's perception regarding climate of sexual repression B. first wave feminism C. government censorship D. widespread illiteracy

A. Freud's perception regarding climate of sexual repression

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. A. Heritability B. Personality C. Temperament D. Trait

A. Heritability

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. B. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. C. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. D. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.

A. Neo- Freudians reduce the emphasis on sex

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? A. An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan. B. An individual's personality is determined in childhood. C. Individuals are either introverts or extroverts. D. The Electra complex caused women to be neurotic.

A. an individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan

According to Freud, if parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts. A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

A. anal

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung most likely say this exemplified? A. archetype B. id C. persona D. unconscious anxiety

A. archetype

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. industry vs. inferiority C. integrity vs. despair D. trust vs. mistrust

A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Allport distinguished between _______, traits (pervasive characteristics that govern behavior), _______ traits (more commonly found general characteristics around which behavior is organized), and _______ traits. (interests or dispositions that influence behavior in specific situations). A. cardinal, central, secondary B. secondary, cardinal, central C. central, secondary, cardinal D. cardinal, secondary, central,

A. cardinal, central, secondary

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A. denial B. displacement C. rationalization D. rejection

A. denial

Hans Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. A. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability. B. extroversion/stability; introversion/neuroticism. C. phlegmatic/choleric; sanguine/melancholic. D. phlegmatic/melancholic; choleric/sanguine.

A. extroversion/ introversion; neuroticism/stability

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________. A. Five Factor Model. B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test. D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

A. five fact model

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. initiative vs. guilt C. intimacy vs. isolation D. trust vs. mistrust

A. generativity vs. stagnation

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. A. in which people are presented with ambiguous images. B. that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards. C. that is designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups. D. that is similar to a word association test.

A. in which people are presented with ambiguous images

Adler was famous for ___ and Rotter was famous for ___. A. Inferiority complex ; locus of control. B. Locus of control ;inferiority complex. C. Self-efficacy ; reciprocal determinism. D. Reciprocal determinism, ; locus of control..

A. inferiority complex; locus of control

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, Dan has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say that Dan most likely has ________. A. low self-efficacy. B. malfunctioning cognitive processes. C. no context. D. vicarious learning.

A. low self- efficacy

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max? A. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview. B. Max has an Oedipus complex. C. Max is an archetype. D. Max is an introvert.

A. max adopted a professional persona for his job interview

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person's skull is known as ________. A. phrenology. B. psychology. C. physiology. D. personality psychology.

A. phrenology

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires. A. projective test B. psychoanalysis C. self-report inventory D. trait analysis

A. projective test

Which of the following least describes a part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory? A. observation learning B. reaction formation C. reciprocal determinism D. self-efficacy

B. reaction formation

The personality dimensions of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness together constitute the ___. A. Eyssnck Personality Inventory. B. IGPF. C. Big Five Model of Personality. D. MMPI.

C. Big Five Model of Personality

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this best exemplify? A. archetype B. collective unconscious C. Freudian slip D. repressed memory

C. Freudian slip

Which question was most central to the marshmallow test? A. Do you think you could accomplish great things even when the fates are against you? B. Is your life more like a marshmallow or more like a rock? C. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later? D. Would you make the same decisions your parent would make?

C. would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance? A. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud B. Carl Rogers and Karen Horney C. Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow D. Hans and Sybil Eysenck

D. hans and Sybil eysenck

Rorschach test is to _____ as Thematic Apperception Test is to ______. A. ambiguous ; clear. B. ambiguous ; unambiguous. C. picture ; objective statements. D. inkblot ; picture.

D. inkblot; picture

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. generativity vs. stagnation C. identity vs. confusion D. integrity vs. despair

D. integrity vs. despair

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following least describes one of them? A. moving against people B. moving away from people C. moving toward people D. moving with people

D. moving with people

An archetype is a ________. A. balance of opposing forces within one's personality. B. collective consciousness. C. feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. D. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies.

D. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

Cattell developed a famous personality test that helps with vocational choice called the____. A. 16 P.F. B. Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank. C. Rorschach Inkblot Test. D. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test.

A. 16 P.F.

Which of the following theorists least would be described as a neo-Freudian? A. Albert Bandura B. Carl Jung C. Erik Erikson D. Karen Horney

A. Albert Bandura

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns. A. B. F. Skinner B. Hans Eysenck C. Ivan Pavlov D. Sigmund Freud

A. B.F. Skinner

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. A. Congruence B. Egotism C. Incongruence D. Self-concept

A. Congruence

Which of the following is least describes a way that the textbook suggests to think of personality? Our personalities ________. A. can never change. B. are not easy to change. C. are stable. D. exist over a long term.

A. can never change

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. A. choleric B. melancholic C. phlegmatic D. sanguine

A. choleric

When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay most likely using? A. moving away from people B. moving toward people C. regression D. sublimation

A. moving away from people

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. A. collective unconscious. B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. C. Rorschach Inkblot Test. D. Tell-me-a-story Thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS).

B. Myers-Briggs Type indicator

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. A. Freudian B. inferiority C. neurotic D. psychosocial

B. inferiority

When Jill feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Jill most likely using? A. moving against people B. moving toward people C. reaction formation D. repression

B. moving toward people

Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Gordon Allport D. William H. Sheldon

D. William H. Sheldon

According to the Eysencks' theory, people who score high on neuroticism tend to be _____. A. calm. B. stable. C. outgoing. D. anxious.

D. anxious

Using an iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg is most like which level of consciousness in Freud's theory? A Preconscious B. Unconscious C. Ego D. Conscious

D. conscious

The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs. A. discrimination emigration B. elective immigration C. personality location D. selective migration

D. selective migration

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life. A. affirming the sexual identity B. resolving the Electra complex C. seeking positive attention D. the self-realization process

D. the self-realization process

the ego defense mechanism in which a person who is confronted with anxiety returns to a more immature behavioral stage is called________ a. repression b. regression c. reaction formation d. guilt

b. regression

self- regulation is also knows as __________ a. self- efficacy b. will power c. internal locus of control d. personality types

b. will power

_________ is credited with the first comprehensive theory of personality a. Hippocrates b. gall c. Wundt d. Freud

d. Freud

according to the Eysenck's' theory, people who score high on neuroticism tend to be ____________ a. calm b. stable c. outgoing d. anxious

d. anxious

the idea that peoples ideas about themselves should match their actions is called ___________ a. confluence b. conscious c. conscientiousness d. congruence

d. congruence

personality is thought to be a. short term and easily changed b. a pattern of short-term characteristics c. unstable and short term d. long term, stable and not easily changed

d. long term, stable and not easily changed

the long- standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as a. psychodynamic b. temperament c. humors d. personality

d. personality

according to the findings of the Minnesota study of twins reared apart, identical twins, whether raised together or apart have _________ personalities a. slightly different b. very different c. slightly similar d. very similar

d. very similar

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. A. collective unconscious B. gestalt C. id D. ideal self

A. collective unconscious

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. A. ectomorph B. endomorph C. mesomorph D. somatomorph

A. ectomorph

Which of the following least describes something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common? A. Both theories are humanistic. B. Both theories focus on individual choices. C. Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy. D. Both theories reject biological determinism.

C. both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy

During which focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports? A. anal B. genital C. latency D. phallic

C. latency

which of the following is NOT a projective test? a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) b. Rorschach inkblot test c. thematic apperception test (TAT) d. rotter incomplete sentence blank (RISB)

a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Intervention (MMPI)

After Allen does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A. reaction formation B. regression C. repression D. sublimation

B. regression

College students who throw temper tantrums often display ___. A. repression. B. regression. C. projection. D. displacement.

B. regrssion

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. A. Julian Rotter B. Rorschach C. TAT D. TEMAS

B. rorshach

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? A. advocating for analytical psychology B. suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality C. the idea that men have womb envy D. the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

B. suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Who proposed the locus of control concept? A. Albert Bandura B. Carl Jung C. Julian Rotter D. Walter Mischel

C. Julian Rotter

Your textbook defines personality as___________. A. the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways. B. the complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual or a nation or group. C. the complex of all the attributes—behavioral, temperament, emotional and mental—that characterize a unique individual. D. an assumed role or manner of behavior that makes a person or thing distinct from another.

A. the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individulas to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile. A. Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C. Rorschach Inkblot Test D. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI)

Who developed social-cognitive theory? A. Abraham Maslow B. Albert Bandura C. Carl Rogers D. Erik Erikson

B. Albert Bandura

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture. A. Contemporary Stereotypes B. Contemporized-Themes C. Cultural Themes D. Thematic Subjects

B. Contemporized - themes

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. A. ego B. id C. superego D. unconscious

B. ID

What should be changed to make the following sentence most true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys. A. The name "Hippocrates" should be changed to the name "Galen." B. The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs." C. The word "personality" should be changed to the word "temperament." D. The word "phlegmatic" should be changed to the word "choleric."

B. the phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs"

To Freud, the part of the mind that organizes efforts to satisfy basic impulses in ways that avoid social condemnation is the _______. A. Id. B. Superego. C. Ego. D. Preconscious.

C. Ego

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? A. Fraternal twins have very similar personalities whether raised together or apart. B. Identical twins have very similar personality when raised together, but not when raised apart. C. Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities. D. Twins of any kind have very similar personalities, regardless of where they are raised.

C. identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalitues

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist? A. He tried to become a psychologist, but he could not pass the required exams. B. He tried to become a psychologist, but no university would admit a Jewish student. C. His theories were too radical, so he trained as a physician to give himself creditability. D. There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

D. there was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education

Which one of the following least describes a choleric personality type? A. Accomplishment B. Aggressive C. Active D. Time wasting

D. time wasting

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. A. Character B. Jungian C. Rorschach D. Trait

D. trait

In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was most associated with choleric temperament? A. black bile from the kidneys B. red blood from the heart C. white mucous from the lungs D. yellow bile from the liver

D. yellow bite from the liver

temperament refers to __________ a. inborn, genetically based personality differences b. characteristic way of behaving c. conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism openness, and extroversion d. degree of introversion-extroversion

a. inborn, genetically based personality differences

an early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a persons skull is known as a. phrenology b. psychology c. physiology d. personality psychology

a. phrenology

the concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs is known as __________ a. selective migration b. personal oriented personality c. socially oriented personality d. individualism

a. selective migration

the universal bank of ideas, images, and concepts that have been passed down through the generations from our ancestors refers to _________ a. archetypes b. intuition c. collective unconscious d. personality types

c. collective unconscious

the Oedipus complex occurs in the ____________ stage of psychosexual development a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. latency

c. phallic

Which of the following is the best definition of archetype? A. The self-aware part of the personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts B. A constellation of personality traits characteristic of a particular stage of psychosexual development C. A relatively enduring personal characteristic D. A primitive image that reflects ancestral or universal human experiences

D. a primitive image that reflects ancestral or universal human experiences

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation. A. The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity." B. The word "personality" should be changed to the word "self." C. The word "self-regulation" should be changed to the word "reactivity." D. The word "temperament" should be changed to the word "character."

A. the word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity"

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would most likely say that Kim has _______. A. a dependent personality. B. an external locus of control. C. an internal locus of control. D. low self-efficacy.

B. an external locus of control

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would most likely say that Jessica has ________. A. an external locus on control. B. an internal locus of control. C. good self-regulation. D. poor self-regulation.

B. an internal locus of control

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior best refers to ________. A. actions that are not internally motivated. B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded. C. reactions that cannot be externally motivated. D. specific actions that are impossible to result in reactions.

B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________. A. archetypes and personas. B. beliefs and expectations. C. defense mechanisms and coping strategies. D. myths, legends, and stories.

B. beliefs and expectations

Carl Rogers was famous for ___ and Walter Mischel was famous for __. A. Personality is inconsistent across situations ; congruent self-concept. B. Congruent self-concept ; personality's consistency across situations. C. Self-actualization ; archetypes. D. Archetypes ; self-actualization.

B. congruent self-concept; personality's consistency across situations.

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. A. congruent ; incongruent B. external ; internal C. internal ; external D. real ; ideal

B. external; internal

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________. A. archetype B. extrovert C. introvert D. neurotic

B. extrovert

In Freud's ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent). A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

B. genital

How can parents best help their children achieve high congruence? A. forcing them to be independent B. giving them unconditional love C. not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms D. pointing out their mistakes

B. giving them unconditional love

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. Tammy develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, Tammy quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would most likely say Tammy has ________. A. healthy cognitive processes. B. high self-efficacy C. low self-efficacy D. moderate reciprocal determinism

B. high self- efficacy

What is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages of development? A. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital C. oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital D. oral, phallic, anal, latency, genital

B. oral, and phallic, latency, genital

Self-efficacy is ________. A. a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. B. our level of confidence in our own abilities. C. the belief that one's environment can determine behavior. D. the belief that we have power over our lives.

B. our level of confidence in our own abilities

Like other behaviorists, Skinner believed that ____________. A. unconscious forces had a major influence on personality. B. personality is shaped by rewards and punishments. C. the environment played little role in influencing personality. D. trait theories were the best description of personality.

B. personality is shaped by rewards and punishments

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Jung C. Karen Horney D. Sigmund Freud

C. Karen Horney

Bandura proposed the principle of _______ determinism, which is the belief that cognitions, behaviors, and environmental factors mutually influence each other. A. social B. modeling C. reciprocal D. behavioral

C. Reciprocal

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? A. Hippocrates B. Immanuel Kant C. Sigmund Freud D. Wilhelm Wundt

C. Sigmund Freud

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture. A. Five Factor Model B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization? A. ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life B. ability of the introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life C. balance between extroversion and introversion D. moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious

C. balance between extroversion and introversion

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment. A. biological determinism B. feminism C. humanism D. social cognition theory

C. humanism

The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings. A. culture B. feminist C. indigenous D. TEMAS

C. indigenous

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. A. extrovert. B. humanist. C. introvert. D. neo-Freudian.

C. introvert

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos most likely using? A. detachment B. extroversion C. moving against people D. moving with people

C. moving against people

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development. A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic

C. oral

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? A. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. B. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. C. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. D. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.

C. our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. A. id B. ideal self C. persona D. superego

C. persona

How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning? A. An individual's behavior is determined by the environment. B. Cognitive processes depend on imitation. C. Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate. D. The environment determines which personal factors a person chooses to observe.

C. personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? A. Personality is formed solely in childhood. B. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism. C. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. D. Personality theory should be based on social health.

C. personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm in order to describe a ________ person. A. choleric B. melancholic C. phlegmatic D. sanguine

C. phlegmatic

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. A. good parenting. B. love. C. self-actualization. D. self-efficacy.

C. self-actualization

What should be changed to make the following sentence to be most true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality. A. The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to the name "Carl Jung." B. The word "personality" should be changed to the phrase "real self." C. The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality." D. The word "unconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

C. the word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality"

Which of the following best describes an advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? A. They are feminist. B. They are multicultural. C. They can be scientifically tested. D. They use animal research.

C. they can be scientifically tested

Stable and enduring personal characteristics are called ___. A. habits. B. tendencies. C. traits. D. types.

C. traits

your level of confidence in your own abilities is know as __________ a. self-efficacy b. self-concept c. self-control d. self- esteem

a. self-efficacy

which personality assessment employs a series of true/ false questions? a. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) b. thematic apperception test (TAT) c. rotter incomplete sentence blank (RISB) d. Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI)

a. Minnesota Multiphasic personality Inventory (MMPI)