Psychology Chapter 13
Jamar is 4-foot-8 and drives a very large car. How would Adler explain Jamar's choice in cars? Superiority striving Compensation Penis envy Persona
Compensation
According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following is true of the genital stage? In this stage, the mouth is the focal point of pleasure. It involves children obtaining pleasure from expulsion of feces. It occurs before the oral and phallic stages. It begins during adolescence and extends until death.
It begins during adolescence and extends until death.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about self-esteem? Self-esteem is strongly affected by culture. Self-esteem is pretty much the same concept in every culture. Self-esteem underlies people's faith in their ability to carry out a specific task or produce a desired result. An individual's sense of self-esteem is one dimensional.
Self-esteem is strongly affected by culture.
Which of the following psychologists is considered the most important pioneer of the psychodynamic approach to personality? Albert Bandura Sigmund Freud Carl Rogers Gordon Allport
Sigmund Freud
________ theories stress the interaction of thought with social environments. Personological Social cognitive Psychodynamic Humanistic
Social cognitive
Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend tried to talk her into "sleeping" with him, but something from inside her told her not to. She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground. According to Freud, which personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response? Superego Reality principle Ego Id
Superego
Which of the following tests sparked controversy in the United States for establishing different test norms for members of different racial and ethnic groups? The General Aptitude Test Battery The Keirsey Temperament Sorter The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
The General Aptitude Test Battery
What is the most important aspect of situationism? Family influence Genetics The current environment All of these
The current environment
What do the id and the superego have in common? They are direct opposites. They are both motivated by primitive drives. They both are unrealistic. They both reflect society's rules and constraints.
They both are unrealistic.
Ron is at work. He receives a phone call from the police station in his hometown, informing him that his mother has had an accident and has been hospitalized in critical condition. Ron's ego attempts to reduce the anxiety from receiving the news by distorting reality and preventing him from acknowledging the situation. According to Freudian theory, Ron is most likely using a monocular cue. mnemonic. reinforcement. defense mechanism.
defense mechanism.
According to Freud, the ________ stage is the period from puberty until death, marked by mature, adult sexuality. oral anal phallic genital
genital
Adler focused on ________ psychology. individual social behavioral humanistic
individual
According to Adler, a lack of self-worth, a feeling that one is not as good as others is known as a(n) mnemonic. insight. inferiority complex. confirmation bias.
inferiority complex.
After the resolution of the Oedipal conflict, typically around age 5 or 6, children move into the ________ period, which lasts until puberty. genital anal latency oral
latency
Catherine is a psychologist who offers counseling services to young adults. During her counseling sessions, she tries to understand her clients' personality by focusing on the external world in which they live and how the external influences determine and affect their personality. Based on this information, it can be inferred that Catherine uses ________ approaches to personality. biological psychodynamic learning trait
learning
Which of the following approaches to personality stresses that personality remains flexible and resilient throughout one's life? trait approach learning approach biological/evolutionary approach psychodynamic approach
learning approach
According to Freud, the ego is referred to as a mediator because it is the first to form and therefore the most senior personality structure. functions primarily in the conscious mind. is the only personality structure that generates psychic energy. must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality.
must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality.
Garner is imaginative, independent, and prefers variety. Brandy is conventional, practical, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high, while Brandy scores low on the Big Five personality factor of agreeableness. extraversion. openness to experience. neuroticism.
openness to experience.
A person who is intellectual, imaginative, and has a broad range of interests would mostly likely score high on a measure of openness. conscientiousness. extraversion. agreeableness.
openness.
According to Freud, the ________ stage is a stage from birth to 12-18 months in which an infant's mouth is the focal point of pleasure. anal genital phallic oral
oral
According to Freud, which of the following sequences indicates the order of the first three stages in psychosexual development, starting from first to last? oral → anal → phallic oral → phallic → anal anal → phallic → oral anal → oral → phallic
oral → anal → phallic
According to Freud, rationalization is used when unacceptable or unpleasant impulses are pushed out of awareness and back into the consciousness. people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior. unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness. people refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information.
people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior.
Walter Mischel's view of situationism infers that personality varies considerably from one context to another. reinforcers in the environment help shape personality traits. an individual's personality is more important in one situation than another. situations are more important than traits.
personality varies considerably from one context to another.
Sarah is a psychologist. She focuses on teenagers in her latest study. The aim of her study is to understand what differentiates one teenager from another and leads him or her to act consistently in different situations and over extended periods of time. Sarah is most likely studying insight. intelligence. personality. creativity.
personality.
According to Freud, a developing child must negotiate the Oedipal conflict during the ________ stage of psychosexual development. oral phallic anal genital
phallic
According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals is known as the ________ stage. anal phallic genital oral
phallic
The id operates according to the ________ principle in which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction. attitude reality pleasure reciprocity
pleasure
Dr. Crane is looking for a test that he can use to understand more about his clients' unconscious motivations. He could use a(n) ________ measure. self-report projective observational objective
projective
The TAT and the Rorschach are ________ tests of personality. objective self-report projective projective
projective
Dr. Chase believes that one's personality largely reflects inner forces over which one has no control. Dr. Chase appears to take a(n) ________ approach to personality. psychodynamic humanistic behavioral evolutionary
psychodynamic
According to Hans Eysenck, the degree to which reality is distorted is known as neuroticism. agreeableness. psychoticism. extraversion.
psychoticism.
If Freddie's id was in charge when his boss told him that he was an incompetent fool, Freddie might start to cry. ask to be transferred. agree to work harder. punch his boss in the face.
punch his boss in the face.
The ego operates according to the ________ principle in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the individual's safety and to help integrate the person into society. reality attitude pleasure reciprocity
reality
According to Freud, the primary the defense mechanisms is projection. denial. sublimation. repression.
repression.
According to the Big Five personality traits, which of the following belongs to extraversion? impulsive talkative anxious organized
talkative
Baby Celeste is busy, active, and sleeps fitfully. Her sister, by contrast, was calm and placid as a baby. This vignette illustrates differences in attachment style. outlook. intelligence. temperament.
temperament.
The inborn behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life is known as outlook. attachment style. temperament. trait.
temperament.
Maria claims that she is a mind reader. While she has quite a few believers, you notice that she seems to use very vague comments during her mind-reading sessions. Maria is likely using ________ to her advantage. the Barnum effect personality traits the behavioral approach system projective tools
the Barnum effect
Dr. Cavanaugh examines the relationship between the trait of hardiness and senior citizens' compliance with medication regimes. However, the hardiness measure he uses is based on college students. Based on this information, which of the following is the most apparent weakness of Dr. Cavanaugh's study? the reliability of the hardiness measure the generalizability of compliance the validity of the hardiness measure the norming of the hardiness measure
the norming of the hardiness measure
Behavioral assessment relies most heavily on the observation of people in their own settings. the interpretive skill of the examiner. the use of ambiguous stimuli. the rigorous standardization of personality questionnaires.
the observation of people in their own settings.
According to Freud, much of our behavior is motivated by the unconscious. semiconscious processes. the subconscious mind. conscious experiences.
the unconscious.
Humanistic approaches in psychology have been most influential in academia. therapeutic settings. social service. business.
therapeutic settings.
Dr. Montgomery, a personality theorist, seeks to identify the basic attributes necessary to describe personality and consistencies in individuals' behavior. Dr. Montgomery is a(n)________ theorist. trait cognitive humanistic psychosexual
trait
The ________ provides a "safe haven" for one's recollections of threatening events. subconscious conscious semiconscious unconscious
unconscious
To Freud, much of our personality is determined by the subconscious. unconscious. semiconscious. conscious.
unconscious.
Adler believed that birth order was important to personality development. had no effect on personality development. only had an impact in the case of sensitive parenting. put firstborns at an advantage.
was important to personality development.
A psychological test is reliable when it yields consistent measurements. measures the positives. measures what it is supposed to measure. has been normed using a sample representative of those for whom the test has been designed.
yields consistent measurements.
George's cubicle at work is spotless. Everything on his desk is arranged according to a specific purpose. He gets very agitated if something is moved or rearranged. Freud might argue that George is fixated at the ________ stage. genital anal phallic oral
anal
Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is correctly matched with an age range? phallic—0-1 years oral—3-6 years genital—6-12 years anal—1-3 years
anal—1-3 years
According to Carl Jung, ________ are universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences. prototypes subtypes archetypes stereotypes
archetypes
According to Jung, the collective unconscious is expressed through the id. positive regard. self-actualization. archetypes.
archetypes.
Emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are schemas. traits. prototypes. archetypes.
archetypes.
Which of the following accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits? Factor analysis identifies which traits go together in terms of how they are rated. Factor analysis allows researchers to use projective tests to determine durable traits. Factor analysis permits trait inferences by examining people's responses to ambiguous stimuli. Factor analysis allows researchers to create operational definitions of theoretically generated personality traits.
Factor analysis identifies which traits go together in terms of how they are rated.
________ is the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations. Self-awareness Self-actualization Self-regulation Self-esteem
Self-esteem
According to Freud, conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur are known as defense mechanisms. fixations. complexes. conflicts.
fixations.
Which approach to personality emphasizes the role played by self-efficacy? Gordon Allport's trait theory Skinner's behaviorist approach Rogers' humanistic theory Bandura's social cognitive approach
Bandura's social cognitive approach
Which neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theorist is correctly matched with a key concept? Carl Jung; collective unconscious Alfred Adler; unconditional positive regard Karen Horney; archetype Carl Rogers; inferiority complex psychology
Carl Jung; collective unconscious
________ is a prominent psychologist associated with the humanistic perspective. Albert Bandura Sigmund Freud B. F. Skinner Carl Rogers
Carl Rogers
According to Freud's theory, which of the following scenarios illustrates the defense mechanism of denial? Lindsay, who is denied a promotion by her manager, yells at her son when she comes home. Ahmed has a temper tantrum whenever his students fail or make mistakes in class. David is fired from the company he works at, but he refuses to accept that he has lost his job. John, who mistreats his wife and feels guilty, blames her for not expressing her love.
David is fired from the company he works at, but he refuses to accept that he has lost his job.
Which of the following is NOT an element of Carl Rogers' theory? Genuineness Empathy Defense mechanisms Unconditional positive regard
Defense mechanisms
Which is not one of the Big Five factors of personality discussed in your text? Neuroticism Agreeableness Empathy Extraversion
Empathy
________ approaches to personality emphasize people's innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning. Humanistic Learning Evolutionary Biological
Humanistic
Which of the following is true of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)? It consists of questions that cover a variety of issues ranging from mood to opinions to health. It was originally created to identify the defense mechanisms used by respondents. It involved asking groups of healthy adult males to complete a large number of items. It consists of right or wrong answers and yields scores on three separate scales.
It consists of questions that cover a variety of issues ranging from mood to opinions to health.
According to Freud, which of the following is true of the superego? It is the instinctual and unorganized part of personality. It helps a person control impulses originating in the id. It operates according to the pleasure principle. It is the rational and logical part of personality.
It helps a person control impulses originating in the id.
According to Carl Jung, which of the following is true of the collective unconscious? It is proved to exist by reliable research evidence. It is displayed in behavior that is shared by diverse cultures. It is acquired by a person through experiences in life. It is the outermost layer of the unconscious.
It is displayed in behavior that is shared by diverse cultures.
According to Freud, which of the following is true of the oral stage during psychosexual development? It continues until a person's death. It is preceded by the phallic stage. It is followed by the anal stage. It begins during adolescence.
It is followed by the anal stage.
Which of the following is true of behavioral assessment? It is used to make hiring and personnel decision in the workplace. It involves asking people questions about their own behaviors and traits. It relies on psychodynamic approaches to personality. It involves seeing an ambiguous stimulus and describing it or telling a story about it.
It is used to make hiring and personnel decision in the workplace.
According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of the ego? It fails to consider the realities society imposes. It includes the conscience, which prevents immoral behavior. It operates according to the pleasure principle. It starts to develop soon after a person's birth.
It starts to develop soon after a person's birth.
Which of the following is true of the Freudian theory of personality? It states that personality is largely set by the time one reaches adolescence. It is universally accepted by contemporary psychologists. It is based almost entirely on lower-class Austrian men. It helps predict how an adult will display certain developmental difficulties.
It states that personality is largely set by the time one reaches adolescence.
________ is sometimes considered the first feminist psychologist. Bertha Pappenheim Karen Horney Mary Calkins Anna Freud
Karen Horney
The ________ is a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors. NEO-PI-R 16 PF MMPI-2-RF TAT
MMPI-2-RF
Vickie is doing a research paper on projective personality tests. What conclusions should she draw regarding the Rorschach inkblot test? Many psychologists have questioned the reliability and validity of the test. The test is highly regarded and utilized heavily in personality research. The test is one of the most objective tests used in clinical research. The test has been shown to be extraordinarily reliable.
Many psychologists have questioned the reliability and validity of the test.
Personality types derived from Jung's personality approach form the basis for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. DISC assessment. Myers-Briggs personality test. Rorschach test.
Myers-Briggs personality test.
Projective tests are most closely aligned with which perspective on personality? Behaviorist Humanistic Psychodynamic Social cognitive
Psychodynamic
With regard to the question of whether personality is innate or learned, which of the following personality theory orientations places the most emphasis on biology? Psychodynamic Humanistic Sociocultural Social cognitive
Psychodynamic
________ stages refer to developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges. Behavioral Sociocultural Psychosexual Cognitive
Psychosexual
What defense mechanism is being used when the ego transforms the unacceptable (e.g., looking at pornography) into the acceptable (e.g., becoming a vocal advocate against pornography)? Sublimation Reaction formation Regression Displacement
Reaction formation
Which of the following is a defense mechanism? Oedipus complex Reaction formation Castration anxiety Fixation
Reaction formation
Every time Antony, a 30-year-old architect, experiences hardship, he goes home to his parents to find comfort in his childhood bedroom. What defense mechanism is in play here? Displacement Reaction formation Regression Repression
Regression
Who among the following is using a self-report measure to assess the trait of extraversion in the context of personality assessment? Dr. Portillo is interpreting participants' responses to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) pictures. William, a postdoctoral research fellow is recording the number and length of conversations participants initiate in a laboratory situation. Ron, a graduate student is examining his own extraversion scores on a test of the Big Five dimensions. Dr. Portillo is recording the extraversion scores of all the participants at his own laboratory.
Ron, a graduate student is examining his own extraversion scores on a test of the Big Five dimensions.
The best-known projective test of personality is the NEO-PI-R. MMPI-2-RF. TAT. Rorschach test.
Rorschach test.
________ traits are characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than other traits. Primary Central Secondary Cardinal
Secondary
________ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. Self-efficacy Self-actualization Self-esteem Self-regulation
Self-efficacy
Which of the following statements is true of humanistic approaches to personality? They have led to the growth of a significant form of therapy for psychological difficulties. They suggest that people are incapable of moving toward higher levels of functioning. They carry basic assumptions that have been verified through scientific research. They have helped make personality psychology an objective, scientific venture.
They have led to the growth of a significant form of therapy for psychological difficulties.
Which of the following statements is true of psychodynamic approaches to personality? They focus on the external world in which a person lives and how external influences determine and affect personality. They state that behavior is triggered by inner forces that are beyond a person's awareness and are shaped by childhood experiences. They emphasize people's inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning. They support the argument that important components of a person's personality are inherited.
They state that behavior is triggered by inner forces that are beyond a person's awareness and are shaped by childhood experiences.
Which of the following is true of trait approaches to personality? They vary in their conclusions about which traits are the most fundamental to personality. They fail to provide a clear, straightforward explanation of people's behavioral consistencies. They cannot be used to compare one person with another. They cannot be used to develop useful personality measures.
They vary in their conclusions about which traits are the most fundamental to personality.
Self-report tests are most closely associated with which perspective on personality? Behaviorist Psychodynamic Humanistic Trait
Trait
Octavia enjoys being around others and is well known for her social graces. She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets regardless of whether the setting is the classroom, her workplace, a restaurant, or her own home. Because Octavia has a fairly stable way of relating to other people, we can say that her behavior is probably related to her desire for achievement. a manifestation of a personality trait. a manifestation of her superego. due to the Oedipus complex.
a manifestation of a personality trait.
In the context of projective methods of personality assessment, the Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) uses ________ and the Rorschach test uses ________. a series of pictures; a series of symmetrical visual stimuli a series of symmetrical visual stimuli; a series of symmetrical audio stimuli a series of symmetrical visual stimuli; a series of pictures a series of symmetrical audio stimuli; a series of symmetrical visual stimuli
a series of pictures; a series of symmetrical visual stimuli
A ________ trait is a single, overriding characteristic that directs most of a person's behavior. primary cardinal secondary central
cardinal
An all-consuming need for power is sometimes known as Machiavellianism. Because the trait is named in his honor, it would be reasonable to suppose that the need for power was a(n) ________ trait for the Italian prince. cardinal auxiliary peripheral secondary
cardinal
According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the collective unconscious. normative unconscious. id. archetype.
collective unconscious.
According to Freud's theory, ________ is only a small part of our psychological makeup and experience. unconscious conflict conscious experience instinctual drive preconscious process
conscious experience
Which defense mechanism is correctly matched with a description? displacement—the expression of an unwanted feeling is redirected from a more threatening person to a weaker one projection—unacceptable impulses are expressed as their opposites sublimation—unacceptable impulses are attributed to another person reaction formation—unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable activities
displacement—the expression of an unwanted feeling is redirected from a more threatening person to a weaker one
Which of the following phrases is correctly labeled with one of Hans Eysenck's major personality dimensions? degree of sociability—openness emotional stability—conscientiousness distorted reality—neuroticism distorted reality—psychoticism
distorted reality—psychoticism
Psychologists who study personality focus on the behaviors that result from learned associations. permanent behavior changes that occur due to experience. meaningful interpretation of sensation. enduring traits and qualities we demonstrate over time.
enduring traits and qualities we demonstrate over time.
Samantha and Elizabeth are sisters. Samantha resents Elizabeth on an unconscious level. In order to protect herself from expressing her feelings of hatred, Samantha behaves in an overly loving manner toward Elizabeth. According to Freud, which of the following accurately describes Samantha's behavior? expressing unconscious impulses as their opposite in consciousness pushing unpleasant impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious refusing to acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information behaving as if she were at an earlier stage of development
expressing unconscious impulses as their opposite in consciousness
According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is reserved and quiet is low on neuroticism. openness. agreeableness. extraversion.
extraversion.
Oberon has always been fascinated by fire, but he knows that it can be dangerous and sometimes lethal. When he finished high school, he decided to become a firefighter. The job is extremely fulfilling for him. Freud would probably say that Oberon's fascination with fire has been sublimated into a socially desirable behavior. is an example of the Oedipus complex transforming itself. is due to fixation in the phallic psychosexual stage. is symbolic of the superego.
has been sublimated into a socially desirable behavior.
DeShawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful. He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high. After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state, he was convinced that he would get the job. You could say that he has high self-efficacy. has a strong tendency to be conceited. displays a cardinal trait. has learned external control.
has high self-efficacy.
Maslow would argue that Gus went back to school at age 40 because he had unresolved childhood issues. he wanted to prove that he is intellectually capable. he chose to fully develop his potential. he wanted to change his persona.
he chose to fully develop his potential.
According to Adler, parents can facilitate their children's development by providing consistently and adequately for their needs. helping them master key tasks like weaning and toilet training. teaching them good eating habits. helping them overcome feelings of personal inferiority.
helping them overcome feelings of personal inferiority.
Belinda is in counseling and feels that she is on the brink of bursting through her psychological cocoon and becoming a butterfly. Belinda's therapist agrees with Belinda and feels strongly that Belinda has the innate ability to cope with stress and to control her life. Belinda's therapist is most likely a psychoanalyst. trait theorist. humanist. behaviorist.
humanist.
Proponents of ________ approaches to personality are most likely to reject determinism and stress the freedom of individuals to make their own choices. learning psychodynamic biological humanistic
humanistic
Proponents of which of the following approaches to personality are most likely to take an interactionist stand on the nature vs. nurture issue, rather than a strict "nature" or a strict "nurture" position? humanistic psychodynamic learning biological/evolutionary
humanistic
Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others. Brittney is practicing psychoanalytic counseling. gestalt therapy. social cognitive therapy. humanistic counseling.
humanistic counseling.
Kira finds an abandoned wallet with $300 in it and no identification. The decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between the id and the superego. pleasure principle and the ego. reality principle and the superego. id and the ego.
id and the superego.
According to Freud, which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which personality structures develop during infancy and childhood, starting from first to last? id → ego → superego id → superego → ego superego → ego → id superego → id → ego
id → ego → superego
Hannah has a substitute teacher today. She has a strong desire to give a false name but is concerned about how much trouble she might get in. The desire to change her name stems from the ________, and the concern about the trouble stems from the ________. superego; id ego; superego id; ego id; superego
id; ego
According to Freud, which of the following personality structures is correctly matched with a descriptive term? id—pleasure principle ego—conscience superego—reality principle ego—psychic energy
id—pleasure principle
Humanistic psychologists suggest that people are consciously motivated to reach their maximum potential, each in a unique way; that is, people have a fundamental drive toward self-regulation. self-efficacy. self-esteem. self-actualization.
self-actualization.
Mrs. Linley is a middle school math teacher. She consistently provides valuable feedback on her students' math assignments. She wants her students to have faith in their abilities to produce positive outcomes. Mrs. Linley is trying to develop her students' self-awareness. self-efficacy. self-regulation. self-actualization.
self-efficacy.
Teena is pursuing an undergraduate course in architecture. She receives an assignment from her professor that involves building a replica of a famous fort. Teena is confident she can complete the assignment a day before the deadline. According to Bandura, Teena most likely has high self-esteem. self-efficacy. superiority complex. inferiority complex.
self-efficacy.
Nancy is a professional boxer. While growing up, Nancy realized that she found pleasure in physically fighting and overpowering other people. Nancy then decided to divert this undesirable impulse into a socially approved behavior. As a result, she took up boxing as a profession. According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms is Nancy most likely using? projection denial regression sublimation
sublimation
Jeff experiences a lot of aggressive feelings toward his overprotective stepfather. Because he is powerless to aggress openly against his stepfather, Jeff becomes a very aggressive forward on his basketball team. This is an example of displacement. castration anxiety. sublimation. repression.
sublimation.
Karen Horney's conceptualizations of personality accepted Freud's suggestion that women have penis envy. suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships. rejected the importance of the relationship between parents and children. drew criticism from feminists and were discarded as baseless assumptions.
suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships.
According to Freud, which of the following is the final personality structure to develop in childhood? superego temperament ego id
superego
If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, Freud would argue that her ________ is making her feel this way. id superego Oedipus complex ego
superego