Psychology Chapter 14
Identify the conclusion Gordon Allport made about traits.
traits are fixed in nervous system and inhertied
According to Abraham Maslow, what separates humans from the lower animals?
recognize desire to to fufill potential
B. F. Skinner emphasized the importance of what on behavior?
reinforcment
What personality trait does Eysenck place opposite someone who is aggressive, excitable and impulsive?
rigid, sober, reserved
How would Eysenck describe a melancholic personality type?
sad
What do the psychologists who helped develop the Five-Factor model believe about people's personalities?
says personalities are inborn
Freud called the three basic psychological structures he identified the ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
Know the three basic psychological structures in the mind Freud identified.
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
According to Freud, what does the ego unconsciously use to avoid recognizing uncomfortable ideas or emotions?
Knows you can't do what you want
How did Erikson select names for his stages of psychological development?
Named them after the trades people might develop after them
What does the psychoanalytic approach to personality teach?
all people go through struggles between drives and rules
Carl Jung identified a number of ____________________, which he believed were ideas and images of the accumulated human experience.
archtypes
Carl Jung believed that people have both a personal unconscious storing forgotten or repressed material and a/an ____________________ which stores human concepts shared by all people across all cultures.
collective unconscious
According to Freud, ____________________ are methods used by the unconscious mind to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions which may cause anxiety, guilt, or shame.
defense mechanisms
Hans J. Eysenck focused on the relationships between the introversion-extroversion personality dimension and the _________________________ personality dimension.
emotional stablity-instablity
According to Skinner, what forces shape people into wanting some things and not wanting others?
environmental influences
The needs for social recognition and accomplishment fall into which level of need?
esteem
Sociocultural psychology focuses on the roles of what factors in forming personality?
ethniticy, gender and culture
What did Freud believe would likely develop in later life if a child did not resolve conflicts during the anal stage?
excessive use of self-control
Behaviorists emphasize the effects of what on behavior?
experiences
List the five basic personality factors in the Five-Factor Model.
extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stablity-instablity, openess to experience
The ____________________ approach to personality teaches that all people undergo inner struggles.
freuidan
What does humanistic theory say about freedom of choice?
have it but responsible for choices
What do humanistic theories fail to account for?
how traits and personalities develop
The ____________________ approach teaches that people shape their personalities through free choice and action.
humanisitc
What did Erikson name his first stage?
infancy
Alfred Adler believed most people were motivated by a need to overcome what feeling?
inferiority
Hans Eysneck focused on the relationships between what two personality dimensions?
introverts, extroverts
According to studies by Albert Bandura, what happened to children who saw an adult being punished for aggressive behavior?
less likely to copy behavior
Which of Freud's ideas is one of the most controversial personality theories?
libido
How do sociocultural theorists believe that social and cultural factors impact an individual's self-esteem?
members of an ethnic group subjected to discrimination and poverty may have a lowered self-esteem.
What is acculturation?
process of adapting to a new or different culture.
Define Personality
patterns of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another.
What did Carl Rogers believe about people?
people are conscious architects of our own personalities
According to Bandura's social cognitive theory, personality is shaped and learning is acquired by the interaction of what three factors?
personal factors, behavior, environmental factors
What is a practical benefit of the work of trait theorists?
see the value of matching individuals to jobs on the basis of personality traits.
According to humanistic psychology, what is the very core of what we as people are?
self-awareness
According to social-learning theory, people who persist at difficult tasks are more likely to have what internal factor?
self-awareness
In what key way did Karen Horney's theory differ from that of Freud?
she believed that constant and genuine love could balance painful childhoods
What did Erik Erikson think are the most important factors in personality development?
social relationships
Albert Bandura's method of predicting human behavior based on the interaction of personal, behavioral, and environmental factors is called the ____________________ theory.
social-cognitive theory
According to the ____________________, we learn by observation of the behavior around us, including the reinforcements given to the behavior observed.
social-learning theory
Which theory places the most importance on individual decisions in personality development?
social-learning theory
Theorists who focus on the roles of ethnicity, gender, and culture in the formation of personality advocate the ____________________ approach.
sociocultural
According to Carl Jung, what is the collective unconscious?
store of human concepts shared by all people
According to Carl Jung, every person's conscious sense of self can be characterized by what four functions of the mind?
thinking, feeling, intution, sensation
What is a weakness of the social-learning approach to personality?
violence that is not learned from observation
Why is it likely that a survey found that African American girls are likely to be happier with their appearances than white girls are?
white girls blame themselves for attaining media goal
List the four basic fluids, or humors, that Hippocrates believed were the basis of personality traits.
yellow bile, blood, phlegm, black bile
