Psychology Chapter 3

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Photoreceptors

What absorbs light energy and turns it into chemical and electrical signals of the brain to process?

5

According to the text, 1 in ____ American teens suffers some degree of hearing loss.

Illusory Correlation

According to the text, people sometimes believe they have found evidence for ESP when they attribute meaning to coincidental links between variables or events. such attribution is called:

Sensation; perception

Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _________. Her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is called ________.

Color vision and fine detail

Cone photoreceptors allow us to see what?

Knowledge-based processing; top down

Drawing on past experiences and knowledge to understand and interpret sensory information is called:

Taste; smell

Gustation is to olfaction as ____ is to _____.

By the wavelength of light reflecting off the object

How is the color of an object, it's hue, determined?

8 minutes of cones and 30 minutes for rods

How long does it take for cones to adjust and how long does it take rods to adjust to the dark?

Red and green cannot be distinguished

In the most common form of color blindness:

Cochlea; rods and cones; retina

Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the ______ are similar to the _________ in the __________.

Olfactory Bulb

Olfactory receptor neurons stimulate a part of the brain called:

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

People can detect sounds ranging in frequency from:

Weber's Law; Weber

Ratios, not raw number values, determine the just noticeable difference thresholds in sensation are known as __________. The five senses each have their own constant _______ ratios.

Data-based processing; bottom up

Taking basic sensory information about incoming stimuli and processing it for further interpretation is called:

Constancy

Taxis on the street produce a small retinal image for an observer standing near the window of an office on a skyscraper's 90 floor. the observer does not perceive the taxis as miniature, however. This example illustrates size:

Organization

The Gestalt psychologists were MOST interested in the _________ of perception.

The height, or amplitude, of the light wave

The brightness of a color depends on what?

Sensation

The first step of transduction is:

Olfactory epithelium

The olfactory receptors sensing chemicals in the environment are located in the:

Transduction

The process of transforming stimuli into the electrical and chemical signals of the neurons is called:

Absolute threshold

The weakest stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time is called:

substance P; glutamate

Two neurotransmitters that increase the firing of pain fibers are:

Retina

What part of the eye is responsible for the transduction of light energy into neural activity?

Illusion

a perception that is in congruent with real sensory data, conveying and an accurate representation of reality and helps detect distortions in the perceptual process is an:

dB is to________ as Hz is to_________

amplitude; frequency

Timbre

best plays the lowest note on her ukulele, a middle C penny plays a middle C at the same volume on a harp in this instance the difference in sound between the two instruments represents a difference in:

kinesthesia

closely related to the sense of touch _________ is a sensory system that conveys information about body position and movement.

large neurons; small neurons

fast pain fiber is to slow pain fiber as ______ is/are to _______

Linear Perspective

in a beginning drawing class, Baxter's instructor suggests that an illusion of depth may be created in a two-dimensional picture by including parallel lines that converge at a vanishing point. Baxtor's instrucor is making a reference to a monocular depth cue known as:

decibels (dB)

loudness is measured in:

Hering

opponent-process theory is associated with:

in utero

taste preferences begin:

Retinal Disparity

the difference between the image of a scene received by the right eye and the scene received by the left I can serve as a depth cue called:

Figure-ground

the fave-vase stimulus illustrates the Gestalt psychologists' emphasis on:

Difference Threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli that can be noticed 50% of the time is called:

Gate-control theory

the perception that pain will either increase or decrease through the interaction of biopsychosocial factors; signals are sent to open or closed "gates" that control the neurological pathways for pain is called:

Vestibular sense; vestibular system

the sense of balance and equilibrium is called _________ and found in the _______, which is in the inner ear.

von Helmholtz

trichromatic theory is associated with

Proprioceptors

what are the specialized nerve endings primarily located in the muscles and joints that provide information about body location and orientation?

Place theory and frequency theory

what are the two complimentary theories that explain how the brain processes pitch?

Trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory

what are the two main theories that explain human color vision?

Perception

what draws from experience to organize and interpret sensory information, turning sensory data into something meaningful?

Signal detection theory

what is the name of the theory that explains how various factors influence our ability to detect weak signals in the environment?

Sensory Adaptation

when our sensory receptors become less sensitive to constant stimuli.

Phantom Limb pain

when the brain doesn't receive normal signals from the limb conflicting messages are sent to the brain from nerve cells and seem to be interpreted as pain. this causes:

where the optic nerve exits the retina

where is the location of our blind spot?

Trichromatic theory

which color theory suggests the perception of color is the result of three types of cones, each sensitive to particular wavelengths in the red, green and blue spectrums?

so that we detect potentially important changes in what's going on

why, really, do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?


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