Psychology Chapter 3
Photoreceptors
What absorbs light energy and turns it into chemical and electrical signals of the brain to process?
5
According to the text, 1 in ____ American teens suffers some degree of hearing loss.
Illusory Correlation
According to the text, people sometimes believe they have found evidence for ESP when they attribute meaning to coincidental links between variables or events. such attribution is called:
Sensation; perception
Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _________. Her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is called ________.
Color vision and fine detail
Cone photoreceptors allow us to see what?
Knowledge-based processing; top down
Drawing on past experiences and knowledge to understand and interpret sensory information is called:
Taste; smell
Gustation is to olfaction as ____ is to _____.
By the wavelength of light reflecting off the object
How is the color of an object, it's hue, determined?
8 minutes of cones and 30 minutes for rods
How long does it take for cones to adjust and how long does it take rods to adjust to the dark?
Red and green cannot be distinguished
In the most common form of color blindness:
Cochlea; rods and cones; retina
Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the ______ are similar to the _________ in the __________.
Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory receptor neurons stimulate a part of the brain called:
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
People can detect sounds ranging in frequency from:
Weber's Law; Weber
Ratios, not raw number values, determine the just noticeable difference thresholds in sensation are known as __________. The five senses each have their own constant _______ ratios.
Data-based processing; bottom up
Taking basic sensory information about incoming stimuli and processing it for further interpretation is called:
Constancy
Taxis on the street produce a small retinal image for an observer standing near the window of an office on a skyscraper's 90 floor. the observer does not perceive the taxis as miniature, however. This example illustrates size:
Organization
The Gestalt psychologists were MOST interested in the _________ of perception.
The height, or amplitude, of the light wave
The brightness of a color depends on what?
Sensation
The first step of transduction is:
Olfactory epithelium
The olfactory receptors sensing chemicals in the environment are located in the:
Transduction
The process of transforming stimuli into the electrical and chemical signals of the neurons is called:
Absolute threshold
The weakest stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time is called:
substance P; glutamate
Two neurotransmitters that increase the firing of pain fibers are:
Retina
What part of the eye is responsible for the transduction of light energy into neural activity?
Illusion
a perception that is in congruent with real sensory data, conveying and an accurate representation of reality and helps detect distortions in the perceptual process is an:
dB is to________ as Hz is to_________
amplitude; frequency
Timbre
best plays the lowest note on her ukulele, a middle C penny plays a middle C at the same volume on a harp in this instance the difference in sound between the two instruments represents a difference in:
kinesthesia
closely related to the sense of touch _________ is a sensory system that conveys information about body position and movement.
large neurons; small neurons
fast pain fiber is to slow pain fiber as ______ is/are to _______
Linear Perspective
in a beginning drawing class, Baxter's instructor suggests that an illusion of depth may be created in a two-dimensional picture by including parallel lines that converge at a vanishing point. Baxtor's instrucor is making a reference to a monocular depth cue known as:
decibels (dB)
loudness is measured in:
Hering
opponent-process theory is associated with:
in utero
taste preferences begin:
Retinal Disparity
the difference between the image of a scene received by the right eye and the scene received by the left I can serve as a depth cue called:
Figure-ground
the fave-vase stimulus illustrates the Gestalt psychologists' emphasis on:
Difference Threshold
the minimum difference between two stimuli that can be noticed 50% of the time is called:
Gate-control theory
the perception that pain will either increase or decrease through the interaction of biopsychosocial factors; signals are sent to open or closed "gates" that control the neurological pathways for pain is called:
Vestibular sense; vestibular system
the sense of balance and equilibrium is called _________ and found in the _______, which is in the inner ear.
von Helmholtz
trichromatic theory is associated with
Proprioceptors
what are the specialized nerve endings primarily located in the muscles and joints that provide information about body location and orientation?
Place theory and frequency theory
what are the two complimentary theories that explain how the brain processes pitch?
Trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory
what are the two main theories that explain human color vision?
Perception
what draws from experience to organize and interpret sensory information, turning sensory data into something meaningful?
Signal detection theory
what is the name of the theory that explains how various factors influence our ability to detect weak signals in the environment?
Sensory Adaptation
when our sensory receptors become less sensitive to constant stimuli.
Phantom Limb pain
when the brain doesn't receive normal signals from the limb conflicting messages are sent to the brain from nerve cells and seem to be interpreted as pain. this causes:
where the optic nerve exits the retina
where is the location of our blind spot?
Trichromatic theory
which color theory suggests the perception of color is the result of three types of cones, each sensitive to particular wavelengths in the red, green and blue spectrums?
so that we detect potentially important changes in what's going on
why, really, do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?
