psychology chapter 4

A circadian rhythm is a biological clock that dictates fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature over roughly

24 hours

Adults generally need ________ hours of sleep.

7-9

Which of the following describes sleep apnea?

Disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep.

Cooper had a misunderstanding with a co-worker at the Megaplex. That night he dreamt about getting in a fight with him. Which theory of dreaming does that support?

Dreaming serves to discharge emotional arousals that haven't been expressed during the day.

Which best fits the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?

Electrical brain impulses pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories.

Which of the following statements best represents a growth mindset?

No question, it's definitely possible to change how intelligent you are.

Which of the following describes insomnia?

Persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep.

Rita finds her roommate, McKenzie, asleep on the couch when she gets home. She's amused to see that McKenzie's eyes seem to be moving around under her eyelids. She is in which stage of sleep?

REM

________ believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.

Rosalind Cartwright

The ________ within the hypothalamus plays an important role in sleep-wake cycles.

SCN

________ causes disruptions in cognition and memory deficits.

Sleep deprivation

What disorder is characterized by an individual leaving his or her bed while still asleep?

Somnambulism

________ increase overall levels of neural activity.

Stimulants

The four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are ________.

Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opioids

Which are the main categories of psychoactive drugs?

Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opioids

What does blindsight reveal about unconsciousness?

Vision can still take place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding blindsight and unconsciousness?

Vision can take place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness.

Which is the best explanation of how blindsight can happen?

Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they what they are visually processing.

Which of the following statements best represents a fixed mindset?

You are born with a certain level of intelligence, and this isn't something you can really change.

The pituitary gland secretes ________ during sleep, which aids in maturation.

a growth hormone

Depressants are ________ of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.

agonists

________ is considered a depressant because it suppresses central nervous activity.

alcohol

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

Individual differences in circadian rhythms are known as a person's

chronotype.

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

Awareness of internal and external stimuli is

consciousness

As drug use increases, the user may develop a need to use a drug or other substance regularly. This is known as ________.

dependence

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

The belief that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day is consistent with ________ theories about sleep.

evolutionary

Leondra looks over her Algebra homework and says to herself "This looks hard. I know I can do it, but I probably need to plan extra time to work on it and make sure I understand it." Leondra is exhibiting a

growth mindset

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Which are most likely to cause altered sensory and perceptual experiences?

hallucinogens

Roger wants to learn Russian and is preparing for an exam. After studying until 10 pm, researchers would recommend that

he get a good night's sleep.

________ is the major opioid drug of abuse.

heroin

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

homeostasis

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

hypnosis; meditation

Which part of the brain plays a critical role in regulating homeostasis?

hypothalamus

Jarren spent Christmas break in Hawaii, but is having a hard time readjusting to normal life back in Virginia. Jarren's fatigue and irritability can be attributed to his

jet lag.

If you dream about your teeth falling out and your friend tells you it is really about anxiety over your new job, her interpretation represents the ________ content of your dream.

latent

If Javier is in a deep sleep, an EEG would show his sleep as

low frequency, high amplitude waves.

Teenagers need ________ sleep than adults.

more

What stimulant is found in cigarettes that makes them so addictive and so hard to quit?

nicotine

________ is highly addictive and is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers.

nicotine

________ occur during NREM sleep and often involve screaming, though the individual doesn't remember it in the morning.

night terrors

Which category of drugs mimic endogenous pain-killing systems within the body?

opiates

________ drugs mimic natural painkillers in the body.

opioid

Our bodies naturally produce ________ to reduce pain and produce euphoria.

opioids

The ________ gland in the endocrine system is important in releasing ________, which helps regulate biological rhythms.

pineal; melatonin

The ________ is essential in regulating REM sleep.

pons

If a person has an emotional need for a drug, they probably have a ________.

psychological dependence

REM sleep is characterized by?

quick, fast eye movements and dreaming

A major sleep disruption is ________, which refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.

rotating shift work

Which theory of hypnosis suggests that people are performing the role of a hypnotized person?

social-cognitive theory

Scarlett has slept terribly the past 3 nights as some neighbors have had visitors in town and been up making noise all night long. When she finally does get to sleep again, it is likely that she will

spend more time in REM sleep.

Keesha finds it helpful to unwind at the end of the day by practicing meditation. This is defined as

the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment.

Which brain part is critical for regulating REM sleep?

the pons