Psychology Chapter 4 [Part 1 Sensation]
Describe the normal path of light waves through the eye
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Experiments on subliminal perception have _____________ A). Supported the existence of the phenomenon, but it has littler or no effect on persuasion B). Shown that subliminal perception occurs only among children and some adolescents C). Shown that subliminal messages affect only people who are highly suggestible D) Failed to support the phenomenon
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How does light travel through the eye?
1. Enters the eye at the cornea 2. Iris 3. pupil 4. Retina
What are the two major questions that surround subliminal perception?
1. Is it possible to perceive something without conscious awareness? 2. If so, does it lead to subliminal persuasion?
Fill in the blank: When sense organs detect an appropriate stimulus _____________, they convert it into neural impulses _______ _______ that are transmitted to our brain. The brain then _______, _________, ___________ the coded neural messages into meaningful patterns. A process called _______
1. Light, mechanical pressure, chemical molecules 2. Action potentials 3. Selects 4. Organizes 5. Interprets 6. Perception
Define dark adaptation
A combination of physical and chemical changes in our eyes that allow us to see well in the dark
Rods
A visual receptor cell in the retina that detects shades of gray and are responsible for peripheral vision; most important in dim light and at night
Cones
A visual receptor cell that is concentrated near the center of the retina, responsible for color vision and fine detail; most sensitive in brightly lit conditions
If a researcher were testing to determine the dimmest light a person could perceive, the researcher would be measuring the?
Absolute threshold
Define accommodation
Automatic adjustment of the eye, which occurs when muscles change the shape of the lens so that it focuses light on the retina from objects at different distances
Short wavelengths and high frequency produce
Bluish colors and high pitched sound
What is the difference between bottom up and top down processing
Bottom up processing is a type of data driven processing that moves from the parts to the whole whereas top down processing is conceptually driven and moves form the whole to the parts.
High amplitudes and high intensity produce
Bright colors and loud sounds
Define Inner Ear
Cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs, which generate neural signals sent to the brain
The key functions of sensation and perception are:
Detection and interpretation
People who can only see two colors (have a problem with red-green or the blue-yellow system) are known as
Dichromats
Low amplitudes and low intensity produce
Dull colors and soft sounds
This spectrum is a collection of electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic spectrum
What may be the secret behind pain relief through acupuncture
Endorphins
Who proposed the Opponent process theory
Ewald Hering
What are your six sensory receptors:
Eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue, and internal body tissues
True or False: Humans have only five senses.
False
True or False: Most color-blind people can only see the world in black and white.
False
True or False: Subliminal advertising is very effective.
False
True or False: There are discrete spots on our tongue for specific tastes.
False
True or False: There is strong scientific evidence for ESP.
False
True or False: Frequency does not equal wave length
False. They are one of the same. Synonyms. Don't be dumb
This part of the brain processes smell
Frontal lobe
the _______ theory of pain helps explain why it sometimes helps to rub or massage an injure thumb
Gate Control
This psychologist invented and wore special googles flipped up to down and right to left and concluded our brain has the ability to adapt based on perception
George Stratton (1896)
These two scientists proved that both the Trichromatic theory and the opponent process theory were correct.
George Wald (Trichromatic) R.L. DeValois ( Opponent process)
Define Middle Ear
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup, which concentrate eardrum vibrations onto the cochlea's oval window
Define Opponent process theory
Hering's theory that color perception is based on three systems of color opposites--blue--yellow, red--green, and black--white.
What is another name for farsightedness
Hyperopia
Define the concept of "Bottom-up-processing"
Information processing beginning "at the bottom," with raw sensory data that are sent "up" to the brain for higher level analysis; data-driven processing that moves form the parts to the whole.
Define the concept of "Top-down-processing"
Information processing starting " at the top," with higher-level cognitive processes (such as, expectations and knowledge), and then working down; conceptually driven processing that moves form the whole to the parts
How does the frequency affect sound
It determines the pitch of the sound
How does the complexity or mix of light waves after color
It determines whether we see a pure color or one that is a mix of different colors.
What is another name for the difference threshold
Just noticeable difference (JND)
Small range and low complexity produce
Less complex colors and less complex sounds
Define Retina
Light sensitive inner surface of the back of the eye, which contains the receptor cells for vision (rods and cones)
Name actions that qualify under "Information"
Light, sound, touch, scent,
People who can only see one color (black-white) are known as
Monochromats
What is another name for nearsightedness
Myopia
This part of the brain processes vision
Occipital lobe
This part of the brain contains the somatosensory cortex
Parietal lobe
Define Outer ear
Pinna, auditory canal, and eardrum, which funnel sound waves to the middle ear
This eye problem commonly occurs around middle age. Most people begin to have trouble reading and focusing on nearby objects because the lens have come less flexible. What is this condition called?
Presbyopia
Specialized cells that detect stimuli
Receptors
the Trichoromatic theory says which three primary colors can be combined to create the rest of the colors
Red, green and blue
Who proposed the gate control theory
Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall
Define Audition
Sense or act of hearing
Define sensory adaptation
Sensory system's reduced responsiveness to unchanging stimuli
Absolute Thresholds: Vision Stimulus: Receptors: Absolute Threshold:
Stimulus: Light Waves Receptors: Light sensitive rods and cones in the eye's retinas Absolute Threshold: A candle flame seen from 30 miles away on a clear, dark night.
Absolute Thresholds: Olfacation(Smell) Stimulus: Receptors: Absolute Threshold:
Stimulus: Molecules dissolved on nose's mucous membranes Receptors: Neurons in the nose's olfactory epithelium Absolute Threshold: One drop of perfume spread throughout a six-room apartment
Absolute Thresholds: Gustation (Taste) Stimulus: Receptors: Absolute Threshold:
Stimulus: Molecules dissolved on tongue Receptors: Taste buds on tongue's surface Absolute Threshold: One teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water
Absolute thresholds: Audition (Hearing) Stimulus: Receptors: Absolute Threshold:
Stimulus: Sound waves Receptors: Pressure sensitive hair cells in ear's cochlea Absolute Threshold: The tick of a watch at 20 ft.
Absolute Thresholds: Body senses (Touch) Stimulus: Receptors: Absolute Threshold:
Stimulus: Variety of stimuli Receptors: Variety of receptors Absolute Threshold: A bee's wing falling on your cheek from a height of about half an inch
This neurotransmitter can perhaps open the pain gate.
Substance P
This instrument flashes images too quickly for conscious recognition, but slowly enough to be registered. What is it?
Tachistoscope
This part of the brain is buried in the folds and processes what sense?
Taste
This part of the brain processes hearing
Temporal lobe
Define light adaptation
The adjustment that takes place when you go from darkness to a bright setting, happens relatively quickly thanks to your faster adapting cones.
Wavelength
The distance between successive peaks
Define sensory reduction
The filtering of incoming sensations
Wave amplitude
The height from peak to trough
How does the amplitude affect light (color)?
The intensity or brightness of the light we see
Define Difference threshold
The minimal difference needed to notice a stimulus change.
Define Absolute threshold
The minimum amount of stimulus that an observer can reliably detect.
Range of wavelengths
The mixture of waves
What is phantom pain
The pain, itch, or tickling of a limb despite it being amputated
Define blind spot
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; contains no receptor cells for vision--thus creating a blind spot
Define Sensation
The process of detecting, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain.
Define Perception
The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns.
What is tinnitus
The ringing in the ears sensation that sometimes accompanies hearing loss.
Define Psychophysics
The study of links between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experience of them.
Define the Gate-control theory
The theory that pain sensations are processed and altered by mechanisms within the spinal cord the experience of pain depends partly on whether the neural message gets past a "gatekeeper" in the spinal cord. Normally, the gate is kept shut by impulses coming down from the brain, or by messages coming from large-diameter nerve fibers that conduct most sensory signals, such as touch and pressure. However, when body tissue is damaged, impulses from smaller pain fibers open the gate.
This part of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to the human eye
The visible spectrum
Define Trichromatic theory
Theory stating that color perception results from three types of cones in the retina, each most sensitive to either red, green or blue. Other colors result from a mixture of these three
Who proposed the Trichromatic theory
Thomas Young
Name the two theories that are used to explain color
Thrichromatic theory and Opponent process theory
How does the brain differentiate between sensations, such as sights and sounds.
Through coding.
Define Fovea
Tiny pit in the center of the retina filled with cones; responsible for sharp vision
People with normal vision are called
Trichromats
True or False: Humans have one blind spot in each eye.
True
True or False: Illusions are not the same as hallucinations.
True
True or False: It takes 20-30 minutes to fully adjust to your surroundings after leaving a brightly lit room and entering a dark room.
True
True or False: People tend to see what they expect to see.
True
True or False: Sensations are processed in the brain are known as perception
True
True or False: The gate control theory gives an explanation as to why we feel pain when we get anxious or dwell on it.
True
True or False: Through the process of transduction, receptors convert energy from the previously detected stimuli into neural impusles
True
True or False: We generally remember our "hits" and forget our "misses."
True
`True or False: Loud music can lead to permanent hearing loss.
True
Why can't you smell your own perfume or aftershave after a few minutes?
You've adapted to it.
Which theory of color vision best explains the negative color afterimage a. Trichromatic theory b. Opponent-process theory c. Both of these d. None of these
b. Opponent process theory
Explain the modern dual-process theory
color is processed in a thrichromatic fashion at the level of the retina (in the cones) and in an opponent fashion at the level of the optic nerve and the thalamus (in the brain)
Large ranges and high complexites produce
complex colors and complex sounds
Long wavelengths and low frequencies produce
reddish colors and low pitched sounds
How does the wavelength affect light (color)?
the color we see
Define Cochlea
three chambered, snail shaped structure in the inner ear containing the receptors for hearing.