Psychology Chapter 4 [Part 1 Sensation]

Describe the normal path of light waves through the eye

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Experiments on subliminal perception have _____________ A). Supported the existence of the phenomenon, but it has littler or no effect on persuasion B). Shown that subliminal perception occurs only among children and some adolescents C). Shown that subliminal messages affect only people who are highly suggestible D) Failed to support the phenomenon

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How does light travel through the eye?

1. Enters the eye at the cornea 2. Iris 3. pupil 4. Retina

What are the two major questions that surround subliminal perception?

1. Is it possible to perceive something without conscious awareness? 2. If so, does it lead to subliminal persuasion?

Fill in the blank: When sense organs detect an appropriate stimulus _____________, they convert it into neural impulses _______ _______ that are transmitted to our brain. The brain then _______, _________, ___________ the coded neural messages into meaningful patterns. A process called _______

1. Light, mechanical pressure, chemical molecules 2. Action potentials 3. Selects 4. Organizes 5. Interprets 6. Perception

Define dark adaptation

A combination of physical and chemical changes in our eyes that allow us to see well in the dark

Rods

A visual receptor cell in the retina that detects shades of gray and are responsible for peripheral vision; most important in dim light and at night

Cones

A visual receptor cell that is concentrated near the center of the retina, responsible for color vision and fine detail; most sensitive in brightly lit conditions

If a researcher were testing to determine the dimmest light a person could perceive, the researcher would be measuring the?

Absolute threshold

Define accommodation

Automatic adjustment of the eye, which occurs when muscles change the shape of the lens so that it focuses light on the retina from objects at different distances

Short wavelengths and high frequency produce

Bluish colors and high pitched sound

What is the difference between bottom up and top down processing

Bottom up processing is a type of data driven processing that moves from the parts to the whole whereas top down processing is conceptually driven and moves form the whole to the parts.

High amplitudes and high intensity produce

Bright colors and loud sounds

Define Inner Ear

Cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs, which generate neural signals sent to the brain

The key functions of sensation and perception are:

Detection and interpretation

People who can only see two colors (have a problem with red-green or the blue-yellow system) are known as

Dichromats

Low amplitudes and low intensity produce

Dull colors and soft sounds

This spectrum is a collection of electromagnetic waves

Electromagnetic spectrum

What may be the secret behind pain relief through acupuncture

Endorphins

Who proposed the Opponent process theory

Ewald Hering

What are your six sensory receptors:

Eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue, and internal body tissues

True or False: Humans have only five senses.

False

True or False: Most color-blind people can only see the world in black and white.

False

True or False: Subliminal advertising is very effective.

False

True or False: There are discrete spots on our tongue for specific tastes.

False

True or False: There is strong scientific evidence for ESP.

False

True or False: Frequency does not equal wave length

False. They are one of the same. Synonyms. Don't be dumb

This part of the brain processes smell

Frontal lobe

the _______ theory of pain helps explain why it sometimes helps to rub or massage an injure thumb

Gate Control

This psychologist invented and wore special googles flipped up to down and right to left and concluded our brain has the ability to adapt based on perception

George Stratton (1896)

These two scientists proved that both the Trichromatic theory and the opponent process theory were correct.

George Wald (Trichromatic) R.L. DeValois ( Opponent process)

Define Middle Ear

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup, which concentrate eardrum vibrations onto the cochlea's oval window

Define Opponent process theory

Hering's theory that color perception is based on three systems of color opposites--blue--yellow, red--green, and black--white.

What is another name for farsightedness

Hyperopia

Define the concept of "Bottom-up-processing"

Information processing beginning "at the bottom," with raw sensory data that are sent "up" to the brain for higher level analysis; data-driven processing that moves form the parts to the whole.

Define the concept of "Top-down-processing"

Information processing starting " at the top," with higher-level cognitive processes (such as, expectations and knowledge), and then working down; conceptually driven processing that moves form the whole to the parts

How does the frequency affect sound

It determines the pitch of the sound

How does the complexity or mix of light waves after color

It determines whether we see a pure color or one that is a mix of different colors.

What is another name for the difference threshold

Just noticeable difference (JND)

Small range and low complexity produce

Less complex colors and less complex sounds

Define Retina

Light sensitive inner surface of the back of the eye, which contains the receptor cells for vision (rods and cones)

Name actions that qualify under "Information"

Light, sound, touch, scent,

People who can only see one color (black-white) are known as

Monochromats

What is another name for nearsightedness

Myopia

This part of the brain processes vision

Occipital lobe

This part of the brain contains the somatosensory cortex

Parietal lobe

Define Outer ear

Pinna, auditory canal, and eardrum, which funnel sound waves to the middle ear

This eye problem commonly occurs around middle age. Most people begin to have trouble reading and focusing on nearby objects because the lens have come less flexible. What is this condition called?

Presbyopia

Specialized cells that detect stimuli

Receptors

the Trichoromatic theory says which three primary colors can be combined to create the rest of the colors

Red, green and blue

Who proposed the gate control theory

Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall

Define Audition

Sense or act of hearing

Define sensory adaptation

Sensory system's reduced responsiveness to unchanging stimuli

Absolute Thresholds: Vision Stimulus: Receptors: Absolute Threshold:

Stimulus: Light Waves Receptors: Light sensitive rods and cones in the eye's retinas Absolute Threshold: A candle flame seen from 30 miles away on a clear, dark night.

Absolute Thresholds: Olfacation(Smell) Stimulus: Receptors: Absolute Threshold:

Stimulus: Molecules dissolved on nose's mucous membranes Receptors: Neurons in the nose's olfactory epithelium Absolute Threshold: One drop of perfume spread throughout a six-room apartment

Absolute Thresholds: Gustation (Taste) Stimulus: Receptors: Absolute Threshold:

Stimulus: Molecules dissolved on tongue Receptors: Taste buds on tongue's surface Absolute Threshold: One teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water

Absolute thresholds: Audition (Hearing) Stimulus: Receptors: Absolute Threshold:

Stimulus: Sound waves Receptors: Pressure sensitive hair cells in ear's cochlea Absolute Threshold: The tick of a watch at 20 ft.

Absolute Thresholds: Body senses (Touch) Stimulus: Receptors: Absolute Threshold:

Stimulus: Variety of stimuli Receptors: Variety of receptors Absolute Threshold: A bee's wing falling on your cheek from a height of about half an inch

This neurotransmitter can perhaps open the pain gate.

Substance P

This instrument flashes images too quickly for conscious recognition, but slowly enough to be registered. What is it?

Tachistoscope

This part of the brain is buried in the folds and processes what sense?

Taste

This part of the brain processes hearing

Temporal lobe

Define light adaptation

The adjustment that takes place when you go from darkness to a bright setting, happens relatively quickly thanks to your faster adapting cones.

Wavelength

The distance between successive peaks

Define sensory reduction

The filtering of incoming sensations

Wave amplitude

The height from peak to trough

How does the amplitude affect light (color)?

The intensity or brightness of the light we see

Define Difference threshold

The minimal difference needed to notice a stimulus change.

Define Absolute threshold

The minimum amount of stimulus that an observer can reliably detect.

Range of wavelengths

The mixture of waves

What is phantom pain

The pain, itch, or tickling of a limb despite it being amputated

Define blind spot

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; contains no receptor cells for vision--thus creating a blind spot

Define Sensation

The process of detecting, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain.

Define Perception

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns.

What is tinnitus

The ringing in the ears sensation that sometimes accompanies hearing loss.

Define Psychophysics

The study of links between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experience of them.

Define the Gate-control theory

The theory that pain sensations are processed and altered by mechanisms within the spinal cord the experience of pain depends partly on whether the neural message gets past a "gatekeeper" in the spinal cord. Normally, the gate is kept shut by impulses coming down from the brain, or by messages coming from large-diameter nerve fibers that conduct most sensory signals, such as touch and pressure. However, when body tissue is damaged, impulses from smaller pain fibers open the gate.

This part of the electromagnetic spectrum is visible to the human eye

The visible spectrum

Define Trichromatic theory

Theory stating that color perception results from three types of cones in the retina, each most sensitive to either red, green or blue. Other colors result from a mixture of these three

Who proposed the Trichromatic theory

Thomas Young

Name the two theories that are used to explain color

Thrichromatic theory and Opponent process theory

How does the brain differentiate between sensations, such as sights and sounds.

Through coding.

Define Fovea

Tiny pit in the center of the retina filled with cones; responsible for sharp vision

People with normal vision are called

Trichromats

True or False: Humans have one blind spot in each eye.

True

True or False: Illusions are not the same as hallucinations.

True

True or False: It takes 20-30 minutes to fully adjust to your surroundings after leaving a brightly lit room and entering a dark room.

True

True or False: People tend to see what they expect to see.

True

True or False: Sensations are processed in the brain are known as perception

True

True or False: The gate control theory gives an explanation as to why we feel pain when we get anxious or dwell on it.

True

True or False: Through the process of transduction, receptors convert energy from the previously detected stimuli into neural impusles

True

True or False: We generally remember our "hits" and forget our "misses."

True

`True or False: Loud music can lead to permanent hearing loss.

True

Why can't you smell your own perfume or aftershave after a few minutes?

You've adapted to it.

Which theory of color vision best explains the negative color afterimage a. Trichromatic theory b. Opponent-process theory c. Both of these d. None of these

b. Opponent process theory

Explain the modern dual-process theory

color is processed in a thrichromatic fashion at the level of the retina (in the cones) and in an opponent fashion at the level of the optic nerve and the thalamus (in the brain)

Large ranges and high complexites produce

complex colors and complex sounds

Long wavelengths and low frequencies produce

reddish colors and low pitched sounds

How does the wavelength affect light (color)?

the color we see

Define Cochlea

three chambered, snail shaped structure in the inner ear containing the receptors for hearing.