Psychology Chapter 4

snellan vision chart

used to measure visual acuity

light

electromagnetic energy

continuity

smooth uninterupted patterns

colorblind

A person who cannot perceive some colors is partially ________________.

balance

A person's vestibular sense helps control:

frequency

A sound's pitch depends on its _______________.

blocking the production of prostaglandins

Aspirin and ibuprofen lessen the sensation of pain by:

middle ear

Conductive deafness occurs because of damage to the:

a binocular cue

Convergence is an example of:

red and green

Difficulty with which colors is the most common of colorblindness?

kinesthesis

Even with eyes closed, a person knows about the position and motion of his or her body parts because of:

20-20,000

Human ears can hear sound waves that vary from _______________ cycles per second.

turn your head

If you are facing forward and hear a sound straight ahead of you, how can you move to hear it better?

learned

Is size constancy learned or are you born with it?

electromagnetic

Light is made up of _________________ energy.

vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch

List the 5 senses:

the lenses in their eyes become more brittle

Many older people become farsighted as:

continuity

Movies, which are a series of still pictures, are perceived as moving images because of the perceptual rule of _____________________.

monocular

Perspective and texture gradients are examples of _______________ cues.

occipital lobe

Photoreceptors carry the image to the brain's visual area in the ___________________.

frequency, cycles per second, higher

Pitch is based on ______________ or number of ________________________. The more cycles the second, the ___________ the pitch of a sound.

skin

Pressure, temperature, and pain are examples of ________ senses.

binocular

Retinal disparity is an example of a(n) ________________ cue.

outlines of objects

Rods in the retina allow us to recognize:

the nervous system can only handle a certain amount of information at one time

Rubbing a sore area may lessen the pain because:

sounds of certain frequencies

Sensorineural deafness prevents people from hearing:

visual acuity

Sharpness of vision is known as:

how psychological factors affect perception

Signal-detection theory attempts to find out:

chemical senses

Smell and taste are known as the:

infrared and ultraviolet

Some light is visible and some is not. Light not visible would be:

air, waves, air pressure, vibration

Sound travels through the _______ in _________. Anything that makes sound results from changing _______________ from ______________.

vibrations that cause changes in air pressure

Sounds are caused by:

visuals

Subliminal messages can be geared toward any of our senses although _________ are the most common; sounds and smells can also be used.

neurons in the tongue

Taste is sensed through:

color circle

The ______________ is the spectrum of light bent into a circle.

afterimage

The ________________ of a color is its complimentary color.

blind spot

The ________________, which has no photoreceptors, is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye.

blue, green, and red light

The cones in the retina are sensitive to:

eardrum

The gateway from the outer ear to the middle ear is the:

louder

The higher the amplitude of a sound, the ___________ the sound.

keeping objects in focus

The lens of the eye is responsible for:

amplitude

The loudness of a sound depends on the _______________ of sound waves.

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet

The main colors of the visible spectrum are:

motion

The monocular cue of ___________ parallax explains why someone in a moving vehicle sees nearby objects, such as trees or road signs, pass by quickly.

loss of the sense of smell

The sense of taste can be disrupted by:

rods and cones

The two kinds of photoreceptors are:

all of the above- our emotional state, our expectations and attitudes about what we see, learning and past experiences

The way we perceive objects is determined by:

to block out sounds we hear frequently

Through the process of sensory adaptation, we learn:

pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

Touch can be broken down into what four things?

physical, psychological

Touch is directly related to ____________ and ___________ health.

shape constancy

We recognize that an object has only one shape- no matter what angle it is viewed from- because of ___________________.

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

What are the four basic taste qualities?

absolute threshold, difference threshold, signal detection, sensory adaption

What four concepts affect perception?

other colors like yellow and blue making green

What happens from mixing pigment like crayons or paint?

ponzo illusion

What is the name of the illusion that makes one line look longer than the other, though it is not?

just beneath the skin

Where are receptors for temperature located?

all over the body, automatic

Where are sensory receptors located? The stimulation of these sensors is _______________.

taste

Which sense is the most resilient?

emotions

___________ can also control pupil size, such as being wide eyed with fear.

perception, sensation

_____________ is the process by which we interpret sensory stimulation; ____________ is the process of receiving sensory stimulation

overlapping

a monocular clue that shows one object in front of another

lens

adjusts to the distance of objects by changing thickness

phantom pains

amputees sometimes experience these

convergence

associated with feelings of tension in the eye muscle

cochlea

bony tube in the inner ear that contains fluids and neurons

cochlea

bony tube that contains fluid with neurons that move in response to vibrations of the fluids

prostaglandins

chemicals that help transmit pain messages to the brain

sensorineural deafness

deafness caused by damage to the inner ear

conductive deafness

deafness is caused by damage to the middle ear

wavelength

determines the color of light

retinal disparity

different angles showing different images

smell

dogs have a better sense of this than humans

subliminal

existing or operating below the threshold of consciousness; being or employing stimuli insufficiently intense to produce a discrete sensation but often being or designed to be instead enough to influence the mental processes or the behavior of the individual

vestibular sense

eyes closed but you know if you are standing up

shadows and highlights

give information about an objects three dimensional shape and the objects location in relation to the source of light

similarity

grouping similar objects together

common fate

grouping things that belong together like a bunch of people running

pitch

how high or low a sound is

temperature

how hot your body is

complimentary

if these colors are mixed they make gray

stroboscopic

illusion of motion made by still pictures

stroboscopic motion

illusion of movement produced by a rapid progression of images

kinesthesis

informs you of your body movement

perception

interpretation of sensory information

size constancy

knowing an object is still the same size regardless of distance away

color constancy

knowing the color stays the same even if the light makes it appear different

nearsighted

must be close to object to make out details

farsighted

must be farther away from object to make out details

proximity

nearness

monocular cues

need only one eye to be perceived

olfactory nerve

nerve that sends information about odors to the brain

photoreceptor

neuron that is sensitive to light

motion parallax

objects seeming to move, stay the same, or go backward

olfactory nerve

odor information travels to the brain on this

Gate theory

only a certain amount of information can be processed by the nervous system at a time

pupil

opening in the colored part of the eye

perceptual constancies

our past experience allows us to know that even if an image looks one way to our eyes, we know it may be different

color blindness

partial or total inability to distinguish color due to malfunction of the cones

afterimages

perceptions of a complimentary color after you remove the initial image

continuity

perceptual preference for seeing smooth, continuous patterns

cones

photoreceptors which enable us to see color; different ones are sensitive to different colors

auditory nerve

receives impulses from the fluid in the cochlea

binocular cues

require both eyes

visual acuity

sharpness of vision

taste

sour is one kind of this

texture gradient

surface quality and progressive change

closure

tendency to perceive a whole figure even when there are gaps in sensory input

loudness

the amount of decibels a sound makes is called

four

the chapter we are studying

pressure

the hair on the body helps you feel this

signal detection theory

the method of distinguishing sensory stimuli that takes into account setting, your physical state, mood and attitude

difference threshold

the minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli

higher

the more cycles of sound per second, the sound is

pupil

the opening in the colored part of the eye

figure-ground perception

the perception of figures against a background; this influences our perception

blindspot

the point where there are no photoreceptors on the optic nerve

sensory adaptation

the process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli

retina

the sensitive surface in the eye that acts like a camera

stirrup

the smallest bone in the body

sensation

the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system

perspective

the tendency for parallel lines to get closer when they move away

motion parallax

the tendency of objects to seem to move forward or backward depending on how far away they are from the viewer

closure

the tendency to perceive a whole figure even if there are gaps

brightness constancy

the tendency to perceive an object as being equally bright even when the intensity of light around it changes

absolute threshold

the weakest amount of stimulus that can be sensed

sensory receptors

these are located around the root of body hair

pain

this hurts!

flame of a candle 30 miles away in the dark

threshold for sight

ticking of a watch at 20 feet away in a quiet room

threshold for sound

afterimage

you see this in complimentary colors after you have stopped looking at something

dark and light adaptation

your ability to adjust to lower light allows you to see more clearly and will improve for up to 45 minutes

visual illusions

your eyes playing tricks on you