Psychology Chapter 4
snellan vision chart
used to measure visual acuity
light
electromagnetic energy
continuity
smooth uninterupted patterns
colorblind
A person who cannot perceive some colors is partially ________________.
balance
A person's vestibular sense helps control:
frequency
A sound's pitch depends on its _______________.
blocking the production of prostaglandins
Aspirin and ibuprofen lessen the sensation of pain by:
middle ear
Conductive deafness occurs because of damage to the:
a binocular cue
Convergence is an example of:
red and green
Difficulty with which colors is the most common of colorblindness?
kinesthesis
Even with eyes closed, a person knows about the position and motion of his or her body parts because of:
20-20,000
Human ears can hear sound waves that vary from _______________ cycles per second.
turn your head
If you are facing forward and hear a sound straight ahead of you, how can you move to hear it better?
learned
Is size constancy learned or are you born with it?
electromagnetic
Light is made up of _________________ energy.
vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch
List the 5 senses:
the lenses in their eyes become more brittle
Many older people become farsighted as:
continuity
Movies, which are a series of still pictures, are perceived as moving images because of the perceptual rule of _____________________.
monocular
Perspective and texture gradients are examples of _______________ cues.
occipital lobe
Photoreceptors carry the image to the brain's visual area in the ___________________.
frequency, cycles per second, higher
Pitch is based on ______________ or number of ________________________. The more cycles the second, the ___________ the pitch of a sound.
skin
Pressure, temperature, and pain are examples of ________ senses.
binocular
Retinal disparity is an example of a(n) ________________ cue.
outlines of objects
Rods in the retina allow us to recognize:
the nervous system can only handle a certain amount of information at one time
Rubbing a sore area may lessen the pain because:
sounds of certain frequencies
Sensorineural deafness prevents people from hearing:
visual acuity
Sharpness of vision is known as:
how psychological factors affect perception
Signal-detection theory attempts to find out:
chemical senses
Smell and taste are known as the:
infrared and ultraviolet
Some light is visible and some is not. Light not visible would be:
air, waves, air pressure, vibration
Sound travels through the _______ in _________. Anything that makes sound results from changing _______________ from ______________.
vibrations that cause changes in air pressure
Sounds are caused by:
visuals
Subliminal messages can be geared toward any of our senses although _________ are the most common; sounds and smells can also be used.
neurons in the tongue
Taste is sensed through:
color circle
The ______________ is the spectrum of light bent into a circle.
afterimage
The ________________ of a color is its complimentary color.
blind spot
The ________________, which has no photoreceptors, is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye.
blue, green, and red light
The cones in the retina are sensitive to:
eardrum
The gateway from the outer ear to the middle ear is the:
louder
The higher the amplitude of a sound, the ___________ the sound.
keeping objects in focus
The lens of the eye is responsible for:
amplitude
The loudness of a sound depends on the _______________ of sound waves.
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet
The main colors of the visible spectrum are:
motion
The monocular cue of ___________ parallax explains why someone in a moving vehicle sees nearby objects, such as trees or road signs, pass by quickly.
loss of the sense of smell
The sense of taste can be disrupted by:
rods and cones
The two kinds of photoreceptors are:
all of the above- our emotional state, our expectations and attitudes about what we see, learning and past experiences
The way we perceive objects is determined by:
to block out sounds we hear frequently
Through the process of sensory adaptation, we learn:
pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
Touch can be broken down into what four things?
physical, psychological
Touch is directly related to ____________ and ___________ health.
shape constancy
We recognize that an object has only one shape- no matter what angle it is viewed from- because of ___________________.
sweet, sour, salty, bitter
What are the four basic taste qualities?
absolute threshold, difference threshold, signal detection, sensory adaption
What four concepts affect perception?
other colors like yellow and blue making green
What happens from mixing pigment like crayons or paint?
ponzo illusion
What is the name of the illusion that makes one line look longer than the other, though it is not?
just beneath the skin
Where are receptors for temperature located?
all over the body, automatic
Where are sensory receptors located? The stimulation of these sensors is _______________.
taste
Which sense is the most resilient?
emotions
___________ can also control pupil size, such as being wide eyed with fear.
perception, sensation
_____________ is the process by which we interpret sensory stimulation; ____________ is the process of receiving sensory stimulation
overlapping
a monocular clue that shows one object in front of another
lens
adjusts to the distance of objects by changing thickness
phantom pains
amputees sometimes experience these
convergence
associated with feelings of tension in the eye muscle
cochlea
bony tube in the inner ear that contains fluids and neurons
cochlea
bony tube that contains fluid with neurons that move in response to vibrations of the fluids
prostaglandins
chemicals that help transmit pain messages to the brain
sensorineural deafness
deafness caused by damage to the inner ear
conductive deafness
deafness is caused by damage to the middle ear
wavelength
determines the color of light
retinal disparity
different angles showing different images
smell
dogs have a better sense of this than humans
subliminal
existing or operating below the threshold of consciousness; being or employing stimuli insufficiently intense to produce a discrete sensation but often being or designed to be instead enough to influence the mental processes or the behavior of the individual
vestibular sense
eyes closed but you know if you are standing up
shadows and highlights
give information about an objects three dimensional shape and the objects location in relation to the source of light
similarity
grouping similar objects together
common fate
grouping things that belong together like a bunch of people running
pitch
how high or low a sound is
temperature
how hot your body is
complimentary
if these colors are mixed they make gray
stroboscopic
illusion of motion made by still pictures
stroboscopic motion
illusion of movement produced by a rapid progression of images
kinesthesis
informs you of your body movement
perception
interpretation of sensory information
size constancy
knowing an object is still the same size regardless of distance away
color constancy
knowing the color stays the same even if the light makes it appear different
nearsighted
must be close to object to make out details
farsighted
must be farther away from object to make out details
proximity
nearness
monocular cues
need only one eye to be perceived
olfactory nerve
nerve that sends information about odors to the brain
photoreceptor
neuron that is sensitive to light
motion parallax
objects seeming to move, stay the same, or go backward
olfactory nerve
odor information travels to the brain on this
Gate theory
only a certain amount of information can be processed by the nervous system at a time
pupil
opening in the colored part of the eye
perceptual constancies
our past experience allows us to know that even if an image looks one way to our eyes, we know it may be different
color blindness
partial or total inability to distinguish color due to malfunction of the cones
afterimages
perceptions of a complimentary color after you remove the initial image
continuity
perceptual preference for seeing smooth, continuous patterns
cones
photoreceptors which enable us to see color; different ones are sensitive to different colors
auditory nerve
receives impulses from the fluid in the cochlea
binocular cues
require both eyes
visual acuity
sharpness of vision
taste
sour is one kind of this
texture gradient
surface quality and progressive change
closure
tendency to perceive a whole figure even when there are gaps in sensory input
loudness
the amount of decibels a sound makes is called
four
the chapter we are studying
pressure
the hair on the body helps you feel this
signal detection theory
the method of distinguishing sensory stimuli that takes into account setting, your physical state, mood and attitude
difference threshold
the minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli
higher
the more cycles of sound per second, the sound is
pupil
the opening in the colored part of the eye
figure-ground perception
the perception of figures against a background; this influences our perception
blindspot
the point where there are no photoreceptors on the optic nerve
sensory adaptation
the process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli
retina
the sensitive surface in the eye that acts like a camera
stirrup
the smallest bone in the body
sensation
the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system
perspective
the tendency for parallel lines to get closer when they move away
motion parallax
the tendency of objects to seem to move forward or backward depending on how far away they are from the viewer
closure
the tendency to perceive a whole figure even if there are gaps
brightness constancy
the tendency to perceive an object as being equally bright even when the intensity of light around it changes
absolute threshold
the weakest amount of stimulus that can be sensed
sensory receptors
these are located around the root of body hair
pain
this hurts!
flame of a candle 30 miles away in the dark
threshold for sight
ticking of a watch at 20 feet away in a quiet room
threshold for sound
afterimage
you see this in complimentary colors after you have stopped looking at something
dark and light adaptation
your ability to adjust to lower light allows you to see more clearly and will improve for up to 45 minutes
visual illusions
your eyes playing tricks on you
