Psychology Chapter 5
later; longer
The negative effects of shift rotation can be reduced if workers progressively begin their shifts at ________ starting times and if they have ________ periods between shift changes.
false
The most common treatment for insomnia is the prescription of several classes of psychoactive drugs such as opiates and other sedatives.
stimulants
drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
alchohol
encompasses a variety of beverages containing ethyl alcohol
tolerance.
A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use is called:
tropical
"Siesta cultures" are found most frequently in _______ regions of the world.
true
A circadian rhythm involves a biological cycle that fluctuates approximately every 24 hours.
manifest
According to Freud, the ________ content of a dream is the actual content of the dream at the surface level.
false
Among the physiological changes that occur when you are dreaming is increased voluntary muscle activity.
theta
An EEG would indicate primarily ________ activity in a person who is in a light sleep with his or her eyes closed.
false
Freud believed that dreams provide an opportunity to work through everyday problems.
the day residue
Freud called the contents of our waking life that spill into our dreams:
a stimulant such as cocaine or amphetamine.
If your roommate recently took a recreational drug and is very energetic, alert and has an "I can conquer the world" euphoria, he most likely took:
sleep apnea
Joshua experiences reflexive gasping for air during sleep several times a night and frequently wakes up because of it. Joshua most likely has ________
Physiological pathway of the biological clock
Light levels→ retina → suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus → pineal gland → secretion of melatonin
false
Many theorists believe that virtually all abused drugs eventually increase activity in the monoamine reticular pathway.
increased Stage 4 sleep
Mateen has been selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for five nights. You would expect that on the sixth, undisturbed night, he will show:
an insomniac.
Matthew has persistent early-morning awakening from sleep. He is most likely:
heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.
Meditation refers to a group of practices that are designed to:
Stage 3 or 4
Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low frequency delta waves. Peter is experiencing which stage of sleep?
lengthen
REM periods of sleep tend to ________ as the night goes on.
memory consolidation
Research studies suggest that REM and slow-wave sleep contribute to ________ , or a firming up of the learning that takes place during the day.
false
Sedatives, narcotics, and alcohol have a lower risk of fatal overdose than hallucinogens and cannabis.
Sleep Stages
Stage 1: brief, transitional; hymnic jerks occur here Stage 2: sleep spindles Stages 3 & 4: slow-wave sleep Stage 5: REM, EEG similar to awake, vivid dreaming
activation-synthesis
The _________ model of dreaming proposes that dreams are side-effects of neural activity in subcortical areas of the brain.
THC
The active chemical ingredient in cannabis is _______ .
true
The content of a person's dreams can be affected by external stimuli that are present while the person is sleeping.
false
The dissociation theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness.
Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage
The fact that the importance people place on dreams varies across societies best illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes?
alpha, beta, theta, delta
The four basic EEG patterns are
true
The general course of development of sleep patterns from infancy to adulthood includes a greater REM percentage in infancy than adulthood.
wish fulfillment.
The use of dreams to satisfy ungratified needs is referred to as:
false
When individuals deprived of REM sleep for several days are first allowed to sleep without interruption, they spend less time in REM sleep than normal.
cocaine
Which of the following drugs is not a narcotic?
the pineal gland
Which of the following glands is responsible for secreting the hormone involved in adjustments to our biological clocks?
decrease in suggestibility
Which of the following is not associated with a state of hypnosis?
Sleep allows us to live out our unconscious wishes and desires.
Which of the following statements does NOT represent a current hypothesis on the evolutionary bases of sleep? a. Sleep allows us to live out our unconscious wishes and desires. b. Sleep evolved to help maintain a constant, high body temperature by metabolic means. c. The immobilization associated with sleep reduces exposure to predators and other dangers. d. Sleep helps restore energy and other body resources depleted by waking activities.
Consciousness
________ is the awareness of external events, internal sensations, self, and your thoughts about these experiences.
MDMA or ecstasy
__________ is a compound drug that is related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens.
electroencephalograph (EEG)
a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp
narcolepsy
a disease marked by sudden and irresistable onsets of sleep during normal waking periods.
hallucinogens
a diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most notably by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.
dissociation
a splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness
hypnosis
a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility; involves a social interaction during which a person, responding to suggestions, experiences changes in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action
Nightmares
anxiety arousing dreams - REM
psychoactive drugs
chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning
slow-wave sleep
consists of sleep stages 3 and 4, during which low-frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings.
narcotics (opiates)
drugs derived form opium that are capable of relieving pain
physical dependence
exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness
psychological dependence
exists when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving
Night Terrors
intense arousal and panic - NREM
sleep apnea
involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep
non-REM
of sleep stage 1 through , which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity.
biological rhythms
periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning
Meditation
practices that train one's attention to increase awareness and bring one's mental processes under greater voluntary control
MDMA
produces a warm, friendly euphoria
electooculograph (EKG)
records eye movements
electromyograph (EMG)
records muscular activity and tension
electrocardiograph (EKG)
records the contractions of the heart
meditation
refers to a family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control
tolerance
refers to a progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use.
neurogenesis
refers to the formation of new neurons
REM
sleep is a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high frequency brain waves, and dreaming.
sedatives
sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity.
somnambulism
sleepwalking, occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep.
circadian rhythms
the 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species
consciousness
the awareness of internal and external stimuli