Psychology Chapter 5

later; longer

The negative effects of shift rotation can be reduced if workers progressively begin their shifts at ________ starting times and if they have ________ periods between shift changes.

false

The most common treatment for insomnia is the prescription of several classes of psychoactive drugs such as opiates and other sedatives.

stimulants

drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity

alchohol

encompasses a variety of beverages containing ethyl alcohol

tolerance.

A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use is called:

tropical

"Siesta cultures" are found most frequently in _______ regions of the world.

true

A circadian rhythm involves a biological cycle that fluctuates approximately every 24 hours.

manifest

According to Freud, the ________ content of a dream is the actual content of the dream at the surface level.

false

Among the physiological changes that occur when you are dreaming is increased voluntary muscle activity.

theta

An EEG would indicate primarily ________ activity in a person who is in a light sleep with his or her eyes closed.

false

Freud believed that dreams provide an opportunity to work through everyday problems.

the day residue

Freud called the contents of our waking life that spill into our dreams:

a stimulant such as cocaine or amphetamine.

If your roommate recently took a recreational drug and is very energetic, alert and has an "I can conquer the world" euphoria, he most likely took:

sleep apnea

Joshua experiences reflexive gasping for air during sleep several times a night and frequently wakes up because of it. Joshua most likely has ________

Physiological pathway of the biological clock

Light levels→ retina → suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus → pineal gland → secretion of melatonin

false

Many theorists believe that virtually all abused drugs eventually increase activity in the monoamine reticular pathway.

increased Stage 4 sleep

Mateen has been selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for five nights. You would expect that on the sixth, undisturbed night, he will show:

an insomniac.

Matthew has persistent early-morning awakening from sleep. He is most likely:

heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.

Meditation refers to a group of practices that are designed to:

Stage 3 or 4

Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low frequency delta waves. Peter is experiencing which stage of sleep?

lengthen

REM periods of sleep tend to ________ as the night goes on.

memory consolidation

Research studies suggest that REM and slow-wave sleep contribute to ________ , or a firming up of the learning that takes place during the day.

false

Sedatives, narcotics, and alcohol have a lower risk of fatal overdose than hallucinogens and cannabis.

Sleep Stages

Stage 1: brief, transitional; hymnic jerks occur here Stage 2: sleep spindles Stages 3 & 4: slow-wave sleep Stage 5: REM, EEG similar to awake, vivid dreaming

activation-synthesis

The _________ model of dreaming proposes that dreams are side-effects of neural activity in subcortical areas of the brain.

THC

The active chemical ingredient in cannabis is _______ .

true

The content of a person's dreams can be affected by external stimuli that are present while the person is sleeping.

false

The dissociation theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness.

Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage

The fact that the importance people place on dreams varies across societies best illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes?

alpha, beta, theta, delta

The four basic EEG patterns are

true

The general course of development of sleep patterns from infancy to adulthood includes a greater REM percentage in infancy than adulthood.

wish fulfillment.

The use of dreams to satisfy ungratified needs is referred to as:

false

When individuals deprived of REM sleep for several days are first allowed to sleep without interruption, they spend less time in REM sleep than normal.

cocaine

Which of the following drugs is not a narcotic?

the pineal gland

Which of the following glands is responsible for secreting the hormone involved in adjustments to our biological clocks?

decrease in suggestibility

Which of the following is not associated with a state of hypnosis?

Sleep allows us to live out our unconscious wishes and desires.

Which of the following statements does NOT represent a current hypothesis on the evolutionary bases of sleep? a. Sleep allows us to live out our unconscious wishes and desires. b. Sleep evolved to help maintain a constant, high body temperature by metabolic means. c. The immobilization associated with sleep reduces exposure to predators and other dangers. d. Sleep helps restore energy and other body resources depleted by waking activities.

Consciousness

________ is the awareness of external events, internal sensations, self, and your thoughts about these experiences.

MDMA or ecstasy

__________ is a compound drug that is related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens.

electroencephalograph (EEG)

a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp

narcolepsy

a disease marked by sudden and irresistable onsets of sleep during normal waking periods.

hallucinogens

a diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most notably by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience.

dissociation

a splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness

hypnosis

a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility; involves a social interaction during which a person, responding to suggestions, experiences changes in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action

Nightmares

anxiety arousing dreams - REM

psychoactive drugs

chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning

slow-wave sleep

consists of sleep stages 3 and 4, during which low-frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings.

narcotics (opiates)

drugs derived form opium that are capable of relieving pain

physical dependence

exists when a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness

psychological dependence

exists when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving

Night Terrors

intense arousal and panic - NREM

sleep apnea

involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep

non-REM

of sleep stage 1 through , which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity.

biological rhythms

periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning

Meditation

practices that train one's attention to increase awareness and bring one's mental processes under greater voluntary control

MDMA

produces a warm, friendly euphoria

electooculograph (EKG)

records eye movements

electromyograph (EMG)

records muscular activity and tension

electrocardiograph (EKG)

records the contractions of the heart

meditation

refers to a family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control

tolerance

refers to a progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of continued use.

neurogenesis

refers to the formation of new neurons

REM

sleep is a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high frequency brain waves, and dreaming.

sedatives

sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity.

somnambulism

sleepwalking, occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep.

circadian rhythms

the 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

consciousness

the awareness of internal and external stimuli