Psychology chapter 5

Ivan pavlov

Classical conditioning- learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it

John Watson

Conditioned 11 month old baby Little Albert feared any thing that resembled the white furry rat

Positive reinforcement tends to __ the probability of a response Negative reinforcement tends to __ the probability of a response

1. Decrease; decrease 2. Increase; decrease 3. Decrease; increase 4. Increase; increase

In the psychology of learning, reinforcers will always

1. Strength or increase the probability of the response it follows 2. Create a problem when used with children 3. Cause the conditioned stimulus to produce the conditioned response 4. Break the law of effect

In classical conditioning, the stimulus which elects a response the first time it is presented to an organism is called the

A. Conditioned stimulus B. Neutral stimulus C. Unconditioned stimulus D. Generalized stimulus

When the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, what occurs?

A. Extinction b. Generalization C. Discrimination D. Nothing

What type of response must be paired with a neutral/ conditioned stimulus in order for it to be considered classical conditioning

A. Funny B. Unconditioned C. Conditioned D. Voluntary

Unconditioned stimulus

Any stimulus that automatically produces a response

Neutral stimulus

Does not produce a response when it is presented

Biological sonar of dolphins

Echolocation- makes them uniquely effective at locating sea mines

Discrimination

Has occurred when the conditioned response is made only to the conditioned stimulus and not to any other similar stimuli

Conditioned stimulus

Is a previously neutral stimulus that has now been conditioned to produce a response

Conditioned response

Is the response made to the conditioned stimulus

Learning/performance distinction

Learning can take place without actual performance

Bandura

Observational learning Bodo Doll

Extinction

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

Taste aversion

Pairing a bad taste with a good taste to condition you not to like that taste

Fears and phobias

Pairing a good feeling/ positive item with the presence of fear inducing item

Learning

Permanent change in behaviour, knowledge Capability or attitude acquired through experience Not attributed to illness, injury or maturation

Skinner

Questioned Pavlovians classical conditioning Felt behaviour can be explained trough operant conditioning Behaviour occurs first then consequences follow

Negative reinforcement

Reinforcement of a response. Y the removal, escape from or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Positive reinforcement

Reinforcing good behaviour

Unconditioned response

Response made to the unconditioned stimulus

Operant conditioning

Should only measure measurable, observable behaviour Learning of voluntary behaviour Effect of consequences on behaviour Learning depends on what happens after the response

Spontaneous recovery

Sometimes occurs when, after extinction, the condition stimulus is presented and the conditioned response reappears

Learned helplessness

The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Generalization

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Punishment

Weakens behaviour