Psychology chapter 5
Ivan pavlov
Classical conditioning- learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces it
John Watson
Conditioned 11 month old baby Little Albert feared any thing that resembled the white furry rat
Positive reinforcement tends to __ the probability of a response Negative reinforcement tends to __ the probability of a response
1. Decrease; decrease 2. Increase; decrease 3. Decrease; increase 4. Increase; increase
In the psychology of learning, reinforcers will always
1. Strength or increase the probability of the response it follows 2. Create a problem when used with children 3. Cause the conditioned stimulus to produce the conditioned response 4. Break the law of effect
In classical conditioning, the stimulus which elects a response the first time it is presented to an organism is called the
A. Conditioned stimulus B. Neutral stimulus C. Unconditioned stimulus D. Generalized stimulus
When the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, what occurs?
A. Extinction b. Generalization C. Discrimination D. Nothing
What type of response must be paired with a neutral/ conditioned stimulus in order for it to be considered classical conditioning
A. Funny B. Unconditioned C. Conditioned D. Voluntary
Unconditioned stimulus
Any stimulus that automatically produces a response
Neutral stimulus
Does not produce a response when it is presented
Biological sonar of dolphins
Echolocation- makes them uniquely effective at locating sea mines
Discrimination
Has occurred when the conditioned response is made only to the conditioned stimulus and not to any other similar stimuli
Conditioned stimulus
Is a previously neutral stimulus that has now been conditioned to produce a response
Conditioned response
Is the response made to the conditioned stimulus
Learning/performance distinction
Learning can take place without actual performance
Bandura
Observational learning Bodo Doll
Extinction
Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
Taste aversion
Pairing a bad taste with a good taste to condition you not to like that taste
Fears and phobias
Pairing a good feeling/ positive item with the presence of fear inducing item
Learning
Permanent change in behaviour, knowledge Capability or attitude acquired through experience Not attributed to illness, injury or maturation
Skinner
Questioned Pavlovians classical conditioning Felt behaviour can be explained trough operant conditioning Behaviour occurs first then consequences follow
Negative reinforcement
Reinforcement of a response. Y the removal, escape from or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
Positive reinforcement
Reinforcing good behaviour
Unconditioned response
Response made to the unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning
Should only measure measurable, observable behaviour Learning of voluntary behaviour Effect of consequences on behaviour Learning depends on what happens after the response
Spontaneous recovery
Sometimes occurs when, after extinction, the condition stimulus is presented and the conditioned response reappears
Learned helplessness
The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Generalization
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus
Punishment
Weakens behaviour