Psychology Chapter 6
In general, infant fear first emerges at ___ months and peaks at about ___ months.
1. 6 2. 18
Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?
1. 7-year-old harry, who is embarrassed 2. 4-year-old sam, who feels shame
Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development?
1. East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-latino white infants 2. non-latino white mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed 3. Japanese parents try to prevent their children form experiencing negative emotions
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?
1. ability to distract oneself 2. waiting longer to express anger
A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following?
1. age-appropriate 2. a safe environment 3. age-appropriate activities
Babies have at least three types of cries: a basic cry, a(n) ___ cry, and a(n) ___ cry.
1. anger 2. pain
Identify the major criticisms of attachment theory.
1. culture plays a role in socialization in infants environment 2. it assumes that there is a critical sensitive period of development in infants 3. there are biological factors that play a role in temperament
According to participant evaluation, which of the following were some of the results of the Bringing Home Baby project?
1. fathers were more sensitive and involved 2. mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of negative affectivity include?
1. fear 2. frustration 3. sadness 4. discomfort
Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important.
1. feeding 2. contact comfort
Which of the following statements are true in regard to Harlow's conclusions based on the study of infant monkeys?
1. feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process 2. contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process
Infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following?
1. gaze following 2. joint attention
Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?
1. goodness of fit influences 2. cultural influences
An inhibited temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes:
1. high and stable hear rate 2. high level of the hormone cortisol 3. high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain
The NICHD study on child care was conducted by using which of the following methods? (Select all that apply.)
1. interviews 2. questionnaires 3. trained observers
Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?
1. it begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age 2. it includes vocalization, touch, and gestures
Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply.)
1. it begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age 2. it includes vocalization, touch, and gestures
Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?
1. low activity level 2. low intensity of mood 3. somewhat negative affect
Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?
1. neglect 2. abuse
According to the most current and common view among developmentalists, when should the soothing of infants by their caregivers occur?
1. occur regularly, because an infant cannot be spoiled in the first year of life 2. occur regularly, because it fosters a sense of trust and secure attachment
Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with its description.
1. phase 1: birth to 2 months : children instinctively direct attachment to human figures 2. phase 2: 2 to 7 months : attachment becomes focused on one figure 3. phase 3: 7 to 24 months : specific attachments develop 4. phase 4 : 24 months on : children become aware of others feelings, goals, and plans
In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as ___ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ___ emotions.
1. positive 2. negative
Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?
1. reciprocal 2. synchronous
Which of the following are research-based recommendations in regard to rearing children with different types of temperament?
1. recognize individuality 2. avoid labeling 3. be flexible
Which of the following recommendations are strategies advocated by child-care experts?
1. recognize that quality of parenting is a key factor in child development 2. critically evaluate child-care situations for quality 3. monitor your child's behavior
A(n) ___ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a(n) ___ smile does.
1. reflexive 2. social
Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description.
1. secure : sensitive, consistent 2. avoidant : unavailable, rejecting, irritable 3. resistant : inconsistent unaffectionate 4. disorganized : neglectful, abusive
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?
1. slow-to-warm-up 2. difficult 3. easy
Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?
1. smiles 2. cries
According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of extraversion/surgency include?
1. smiling 2. approach 3. pleasure 4. activity
Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are MOST LIKELY to study which of the following factors?
1. the brain 2. mother-infant attachment 3. hormones
Which of the following are types of infant cries?
1. the pain cry 2. the basic cry 3. the anger cry
John Watson was a behaviorist who argued that parents spend ______ time responding to infant crying and thus ______ its occurrence.
1. too much 2. increase
According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?
1. women improved family task management 2. men became more concerned with intimacy 3. couples reported have a more stable couple identity 4. women more closely attended to their own personal growth
In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care?
12%
In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______.
13 to 25 months
In 1992, the European Union mandated a
14-week paid maternity leave
In the United States today about ____% of children aged 5 and under have been in more than one child care arrangement.
15
At what age do some infants begin to exhibit self-recognition, as assessed by the mirror technique?
15 to 18 months
According to one survey, by 2012 the number of stay-at-home dads in the United States was estimated to be
2 million
By the time they are ______, most children recognize themselves in a mirror.
2 years old
The NICHD longitudinal study found that results were less optimal when children spent more than ______ in child care.
30 hours per week
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by
Ainsworth
Which of the following parents is following recommended strategies regarding child care?
Christa, who observes her child's behavior for changes or needs
Which of the following is the best description of the Bringing Home Baby project?
It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.
Which behaviorist argued that parents spend too much time soothing infants and thus reinforce infant crying?
John Watson
A study of 2 and 3-year-old children showed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to
an increase in behavioral problems
The term stranger ___ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.
anxiety
Criticisms of ___ theory include the role that culture and biological factors have on infant's temperament.
attachment
Most developmentalists support the view that parents should soothe a crying infant in order to help the infant develop a sense of trust and secure ___
attachment
One of the main areas of focus in developmental social neuroscience is mother-infant bond, which is also called mother-infant ___
attachment
The close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as ___
attachment
What is the close emotional bond between two people called?
attachment
The more advanced social cognitive skills of infants likely influence their understanding and awareness of
attachment to a caregiver
Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?
he is a securely attached baby
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
he is an insecure avoidant baby
Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?
he is an insecure resistant baby
Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care.
high-quality
Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play.
imitative and reciprocal
According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs
in the first year of life
According to Erikson's theory, three year old Gannon is determined to get his own juice from the refrigerator. This is a sign of Gannon striving for ___
independence
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of
independence
According to Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment
influences the child' subsequent responses to other people
A(n) ______ temperament is associated with a high and stable heart rate, high level of cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.
inhibited
Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral ___
inhibition
Little baby Nancy is shy around new people and is quiet, but she has no trouble self-soothing. Her temperament could be described as
introverted with high effortful control
Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?
it appears at about 6 months of age
Which of the following statements about attachment security in infancy is true?
it does not always by itself produce long-term positive outcomes later in life
What is one of the main criticisms of the Strange Situation?
it may be culturally biased
A research study was performed in which six-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & Carrington, 2002). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted ___ . This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions.
jealousy
A research study was performed in which six-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & Carrington, 2002). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted ___. This illustrates the complexity of indexing early emotions.
jealousy
When the caregiver and infant are able to focus on the same object it is called
joint attention
Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?
kagan
Young Marco is almost two years old. Whenever his mother goes away, he says to his babysitter, "Mommy gone, Mommy gone." This is an example of how toddlers can use ___ to define their feelings and what is upsetting them.
language
______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably.
locomotion
In 1991 the NICHD conducted a comprehensive
longitudinal study of child care
In order to test visual self-recognition, researchers put a dot of rouge on an infant's nose and determine how often the infant touches its nose after being placed in front of a ___
mirror
Researchers have discovered that infants are
more socially sophisticated than previously thought
According to the NICHD longitudinal study of child-care experiences, which of the following statements is TRUE?
mothers with higher incomes placed their infants in child care at an earlier age
Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.
multiple
Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ___ ___ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.
negative affectivity
Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends?
one-third of the couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born
Kagan believes that children inherit a/an ___ (emotionality/physiology) that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.
physiology
Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care?
poor-quality child care
Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either
positive or negative
The early emotions of anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of ___ emotions.
primary
Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.
reciprocal
Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of ___ socialization.
reciprocal
Melissa is a 9-month-old child who loves playing pat-a-cake with her mother. This type of play is an example of
reciprocal socialization
Social ______ involves the processing of emotional cues to determine how to act in a particular situation.
referencing
Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?
reflexive
According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure ___ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age.
risk taking and impulsivity
______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.
role
Which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification involving extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control?
rothbart and bates
An important form of reciprocal socialization is ___ , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.
scaffolding
______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.
scaffolding
___ attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.
securely
What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?
self-conscious emotions
After Mommy puts a dot of rouge on Megan's nose and places her in front of a mirror, Megan starts to giggle and touches her nose frequently. This is a test of
self-recognition
The term ___ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.
seperation
Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child.
slow-to-warm-up
Which category describes Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?
slow-to-warm-up
One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of ___ ___
social referencing
The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal ___
socialization
Ainsworth created the ___ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
strange
The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.
subsystems
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.
temperament
In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to ___
temperament
Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the ___ of a person's personality.
temperament
Kagan believes that ___ has both physiological and experiential bases. (Watch your spelling!)
temperament
Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. What does this illustrate?
the concept of goodness of fit
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as ___
traits
The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as
transactional
True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio.
true
True or false: According to the NICHD research findings, mothers who believed that maternal employment had positive effects on children were more likely than other mothers to place their infants in nonmaternal care for more hours.
true
True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.
true
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
true
True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's emotions.
true
In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.
trust
The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow
up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave
Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ___ model of attachment.
working
According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old.
yelled at their infant
According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds?
diverting the infant's attention
Attachment security in infancy ______ predict(s) positive outcomes in later life.
does not always
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an
emotion
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
emotions
___ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.
emotions
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture
Insecure avoidant babies
engage in little interaction with the caregiver
According to Rothbart and Bates, approach, pleasure, activity, and laughter are all in the temperament classification of
extraversion/surgency
Baby Farooq enjoys meeting new people and is mostly happy, but he has trouble self-soothing. His temperament could be described as
extraverted, with low effortful control
True or false: According to Bowlby, infant attachment develops from a specific attachment to a more generalized attachment.
false
True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.
false
True or false: One surprising finding of the NICHD longitudinal study was that the majority of child care provided in the first three years of life was of high quality.
false
Who is more likely to bounce infants, toss them in the air, or tickle them?
fathers
Melissa is extremely shy. Her parents don't understand that social situations are very stressful for her, and they often place her in new situations without adequate support. Melissa is at risk for adjustment problems due to lack of ___ of fit.
goodness
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term
goodness of fit
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be unlikely to experience?
guilt
A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results?
The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.
Which of the following is not one of the recommendations regarding the best parenting strategies in relation to children's temperament?
be strict in responding to the child's characteristics
At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?
between 18 and 24 months
Regarding emotional regulation, which of the following statements is true?
by rocking an infant to sleep, the caregiver is helping the infant soothe their emotions
The fact that German and Japanese babies often show attachment patterns different from those of American infants suggests that the Strange Situation experiment is
culturally biased
Behavioral inhibition is valued in China. This is an example of how reaction to an infant's temperament may depend in part on ___
culture
More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults
cannot receive paid leave
The connections across domains over time that influences developmental pathways and outcomes is a description of the developmental ______ model.
cascade
Developmental ___ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes as well as involving social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.
cascades
Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?
chess and Thomas
Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds is most likely
coincidental rather than cooperative
Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ___ with her parents.
communicate
An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of ___
crying
When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of ___ diversity on emotional development.
cultural
Two-year-old Shelly was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Kyle, age one, simply cried and had to be comforted. What does this illustrate?
developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions
Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ___ child.
difficult
The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the
difficulty of interpreting infant emotions
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ___ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.
disorganized
Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) ___ child.
easy
Little Juanita wakes up everyday smiling and ready for the day. She thrives in her routine but is always up for doing something new. Juanita is a(n) ______ child.
easy
According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of ___ control, or self-regulation, includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.
effortful
Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model?
effortful control
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an ___
emotion